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Microbio 3220 > Exam 3 - Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

archaea are like bacteria in _________/_____________

A

looks/architecture

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2
Q

archaea are similar to eukaryotes in the __________ that replicates and expresses archaeal genomes

A

machinery

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3
Q

what three things does DNA polymerase require?

A
  • template
  • primer
  • dNTPs
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4
Q

are eukaryotic chromosomes linear, circular, or both?

A

linear

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5
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes are wound around _________

A

histones

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6
Q

how many origins of replication do eukaryotes have?

A

multiple

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7
Q

how many DNA polymerases are responsible for eukaryotic DNA replication? what are they?

A

3
- polymerase alpha-primase
- polymerase epsilon
- polymerase delta

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8
Q

what is the role of polymerase alpha-primase?

A

lays down a RNA/DNA hybrid starting point

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9
Q

what is the role of polymerase epsilon?

A

synthesizes the leading strand

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10
Q

what is the role of polymerase delta?

A

synthesizes the lagging strand

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11
Q

what are three problems presented by linear DNA molecules?

A
  • chromosome end may be digested by DNases
  • DNA ends can fuse with other DNA molecules
  • the “end replication problem” of linear DNA replication
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12
Q

what are telomeres? what base are these regions rich in?

A
  • repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes
  • rich in guanosine bases (called the “G-tail”)
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13
Q

what are telomerases and their functions?

A
  • ribonucleoprotein complex enzyme that forms telomeres and maintains them
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14
Q

telomerase has an _________ _____ ___________ that partially matches the G-tail sequence

A

internal RNA template

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15
Q

what is the starting point for telomerase DNA synthesis?

A

the 3’-OH of the G-tail

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16
Q

what activity of telomerase allows for the increase of the length of the G-tail?

A

reverse transcriptase activity

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17
Q

what shape are archaeal chromosomes?

A

circular

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18
Q

true or false: some archaea have histones associated with their chromosomes.

A

true!

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19
Q

do most archaea have a single or multiple origins of replication?

A

most only have one origin of replication

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20
Q

archaeal replisome proteins are similar to:

A

eukaryotic ones

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21
Q

how many RNA polymerases do bacteria have?

A

just one

22
Q

eukaryotic transcription occurs in the _________ and RNA transcripts must be moved to the __________

A

nucleus; cytoplasm

23
Q

true or false: eukaryotic genes are spliced.

A

true

24
Q

true or false: eukaryotic transcription and translation are coupled.

A

false

25
Q

how many major eukaryotic RNA polymerases are there?

A

three: RNA pol I, II, & III

26
Q

what is the role of RNA polymerase I?

A

catalyzing rRNA synthesis

27
Q

what is the role of RNA polymerase II?

A

catalyzing mRNA synthesis

28
Q

what is the role of RNA polymerase III?

A

synthesizes tRNA molecules

29
Q

what elements make up the core promoter in eukaryotic transcription?

A
  • TATA box
  • BRE (TFIIB recognition element)
  • Inr (initiator element)
  • DPE (downstream promoter element)
30
Q

what is the difference between the eukaryotic and archaeal promoters?

A
  • archaea don’t have a DPE
  • their BRE and TATA boxes are at different base pair locations
31
Q

how many sigma factors do archaea and eukaryotes have?

A

they don’t have any

32
Q

what do eukaryotes and archaea use instead of sigma factors?

A

transcription factors (TFs)

33
Q

what are the modifications made to initial transcripts before they are ready to be translated?

A
  • 5’ cap of 7-methylguanosine added
  • removal of introns/splicing together exons
  • addition of 3’ poly-A tail
34
Q

introns are removed by a large complex of proteins and RNA molecules unique to eukaryotes called the:

A

spliceosome

35
Q

what are the two fates of lariats (spliced introns)?

A
  • degradation
  • processing into ncRNA
36
Q

a single eukaryotic gene can code for different final proteins due to:

A

alternative splicing

37
Q

how many domains in alternative splicing found?

A

just one: eukaryotes (the others don’t really get spliced at all, so)

38
Q

approximately how long is the 3’ poly-A tail?

A

200 nucleotides long

39
Q

what are three similarities that archaea have with eukaryotic transcription?

A
  • RNA pol resembles RNA pol II
  • archaeal promoters and binding of RNA pol
  • no sigma factors
40
Q

what are four similarities that archaea have with bacterial transcription?

A
  • transcription occurs in cytoplasm
  • coupling of transcription/translation
  • mRNA is polycistronic
  • introns are rare
41
Q

which requires more initiation factors: eukaryotic or bacterial translation?

A

eukaryotic translation

42
Q

when the initiator tRNA interacts with the 40S subunit in eukaryotic translation, what subunit is formed?

A

43S subunit

43
Q

when is the 60S subunit recruited to the 43S subunit?

A

when the 43S subunit finds a start codon on the activated (bridged) mRNA

44
Q

what is a polysome? what domain of life can it be obsevred in?

A
  • polysome: more than one ribosome translating the same mRNA molecule
  • observed in eukaryotes
45
Q

what is the first codon in archaeal translation?

A

methionine

46
Q

true or false: archaea do not have polycistronic transcripts.

A

false, they certainly do

47
Q

true or false: archaeal transcription and translation are coupled.

A

true

48
Q

what are the three levels at which regulation of cellular processes can take place in all three domains of life?

A
  • transcriptional
  • translational
  • posttranslational
49
Q

what are two transcription activator binding sites? do they act near or far from the promoter of the gene being regulated?

A
  • upstream activator sequences (UASs); act near the promoter
  • enhancers; act from a distance
50
Q

what are transcription repressor sites called? do they act near or far from the promoter of the gene being regulated?

A

silencers; act from a distance

51
Q

match the following:

  1. acetylation of histones
  2. methylation of histones

a. represses transcription
b. promotes transcription

A

1b
2a

52
Q

name the six levels of eukaryotic gene regulation.

A
  • transcription initiation
  • splicing efficiency
  • mRNA trafficking
  • mRNA stability/degradation
  • translational rate
  • post-translational modification

Microbio 3220 (24 decks)

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