Exam 4 - Lecture 23

Question 1

what is cryptococcosis?

Answer 1

an airborne, fungal disease caused by a yeast (Cryptococcus neoformans) in pigeon droppings

Question 2

what are the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world?

Answer 2

• hepatitis-B
• malaria
• hep-C
• dengue
• tuberculosis

Question 3

what arthropod borne disease is caused by Plasmodium protozoans?

Answer 3

malaria

Question 4

what is the most dangerous species of Plasmodium?

Answer 4

P. falciparum

Question 5

what are five Plasmodium species that commonly cause human infection?

Answer 5

• P. falciparum
• P. vivax
• P. malariae
• P. ovale
• P. knowlesi

Question 6

how many reproductive stages does malaria have?

Answer 6

three

Question 7

true or false: malaria has haploid AND diploid stages.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

part 1 of the plasmodium life cycle take place in the:

Answer 8

human liver

Question 9

what are sporozoites?

Answer 9

infected forms of plasmodium injected into humans by mosquitoes

Question 10

__________ sporozoites migrate to the liver and enter the hepatic cells.

Answer 10

haploid

Question 11

asexual reproduction of a sporozoite produces a:

Answer 11

schizont

Question 12

schizonts rupture and release haploid ___________ in the bloodstream

Answer 12

merozoites

Question 13

how does a trophozoite form?

Answer 13

when a merozoite enters a red blood cell and forms a ring structure (the trophozoite) that matures into a merozoite and keeps cycling this way

Question 14

some _____________ mature into gametocytes

Answer 14

trophozoites

Question 15

gametocytes differentiate into ________________ (male) and _________________ (female)

Answer 15

• microgametocytes
• macrogametocytes

Question 16

when mosquitoes ingest gametocytes from human blood meals, what is formed?

Answer 16

the micro- and macrogametocytes fuse to form a diploid zygote called an ookinete

Question 17

when an ookinete migrates through the mosquito gut wall, it forms an:

Answer 17

oocyst

Question 18

when an oocyst undergoes meiosis, it forms:

Answer 18

haploid sporozoites

Question 19

what are the three locations that malaria progression takes place?

Answer 19

• human liver
• human erythrocyte (RBC)
• mosquito (gut)

Question 20

the malaria vaccine contains sections from the _________________ fused to the _______________ antigen.

Answer 20

• circumsporozoite protein
• hepatitis B antigen

Question 21

fungal infections are aka:

Answer 21

mycoses

Question 22

what are the three types of mycoses?

Answer 22

• superficial mycoses
• cutaneous mycoses
• subcutaneous mycoses

Question 23

superficial mycoses can be found where?

Answer 23

the outermost layers of skin and hair

Question 24

cutaneous mycoses are found where?

Answer 24

• extending deeper into the epidermis, hair, and nails

Question 25

where are subcutaneous mycoses found?

Answer 25

dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia

Question 26

the most common fungal diseases occurring worldwide are:

Answer 26

cutaneous mycoses

Question 27

cutaneous mycoses are also called ___________ and a common example is __________ ______.

Answer 27

• ringworm
• athlete’s foot

Question 28

diagnosis of cutaneous mycoses takes place on:

Answer 28

Sabouraud’s agar

Question 29

subcutaneous mycoses are caused by:

Answer 29

saprophytic inhabitants in soil

Question 30

what are three antifungal agents?

Answer 30

• azoles: inhibit ergosterol
• polyenes: bind/interact with ergosterol
• echinocandins: inhibit cell wall synthesis (beta-glucans)

Question 31

what is ergosterol?

Answer 31

the main fungal sterol, equivalent to cholesterol in humans

Question 32

amebic dysentery is caused by:

Answer 32

Entamoeba histolytica (protozoan)

Question 33

the protist Toxoplasma gondii causes what disease? what animals often carry it?

Answer 33

• toxoplasmosis
• reservoir wild rodents, birds, small mammals, cats (kittens)

Question 34

true of false: most toxoplasmosis infections are asymptomatic.

Answer 34

true