Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbio 3220 > Exam 1 - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what name is given to sphere-shaped bacteria?

A

coccus/cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what name is given to rod-shaped bacteria?

A

bacillus/bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe diplococci

A

pairs of cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe streptococci

A

chains of cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe staphylococci

A

grape-like clusters of cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe a tetrad

A

4 cocci in a square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe sarcina

A

8 cocci in a cube formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe streptobacilli

A

chains of bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe coccobacilli

A

very short rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe vibrios

A

curved rods/crescent shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe a spirillum

A

a short, rigid helix (looks like a curly hair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe spriochetes

A

long, flexible helix (long curly hair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is mycelium?

A

network of long, multinucleate filaments (network of hyphae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define pleiomorphic

A

having many forms or shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

order these organisms in order of genome size (smallest to largest)

  • viruses
  • eukaryotes
  • prokaryotes
A

smallest
- viruses
- prokaryotes
- eukaryotes
largest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

true or false: small cell size decreases surface-to-volume ratio

A

false, small cell size increases surface-to-volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which has a bigger surface-to-volume ratio: spheres or rods?

A

rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are two things that increase surface-to-volume ratio?

A

convolutions and microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the common layers of bacterial cells?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell envelope
  • external structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the three components of the bacterial cell envelope?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cell wall
  • capsule or slime layer
21
Q

which component of the cell envelope is an absolute requirement for all living things?

A

the plasma membrane

22
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • encompasses the cytoplasm
  • selectively permeable barrier
  • interaction with external environment
  • metabolic processes
23
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

A

lipid bilayer with proteins (half lipids, half proteins)

24
Q

what characteristic is defined as having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends, like membrane phospholipids?

A

amphipathic

25
Q

what percent of membrane proteins are peripheral proteins, and what percent are integral proteins?

A

20-30% peripheral, 70-80% integral

26
Q

which membrane proteins are amphipathic?

A

integral proteins

27
Q

which are more fluid: saturated or unsaturated lipids?

A

unsaturated

28
Q

what are the sterol-like proteins that are present in the bacterial membrane?

A

hopanoids

29
Q

what are common examples of growth factors needed by bacteria?

A
  • amino acids
  • purines and pyrimidines
  • vitamins
  • heme
30
Q

what is passive diffusion?

A

molecules move from one region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration between the cell’s exterior and interior
- H2O, CO2, and O2 often use this method

31
Q

what are four transport mechanisms microorganisms use to get most of their nutrients?

A
  • facilitated diffusion
  • active transport
  • group translocation (bacteria and archaea only)
  • endocytosis (eukarya only)
32
Q

what mode of transportation typically involves carrier proteins and is not energy dependent?

A

facilitated diffusion

33
Q

describe active transport

A
  • energy-dependent process (ATP or proton-motive force)
  • moves molecules against the concentration gradient
34
Q

what are the three types of active transport?

A
  • primary active transport
  • secondary active transport
  • group translocation
35
Q

what do primary active transporters need?

what is another name for primary active transporters?

A
  • ATP (energy)
  • ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (uniporter)
36
Q

what do secondary active transporters use to cotransport substrates (like protons, sodium ions, etc.)?

A

ion gradients

37
Q

what are the two types of cotransporters?

A
  • symporter (two substances move in the same direction)
  • antiporter (two substances move in opposite directions)
38
Q

what is group translocation?

A

energy dependent transport that chemically modifies molecules as it’s brought into the cell (i.e., phosphorylation)

39
Q

how do microorganisms take up iron?

A

they secrete siderophores that complex with the iron and brings the iron into the cell

40
Q

what are the functions of the cell wall?

A
  • maintain the shape of the bacteria
  • helps protect the cell from osmotic lysis
  • helps protect from toxic substances
  • may contribute to pathogenicity
41
Q

which stains purple, which stains pink?

  • Gram-negative
  • Gram-positive
A
  • purple: Gram-positive
  • pink: Gram-negative
42
Q

which has a thicker peptidoglycan layer: Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

A

Gram-positive

43
Q

which has a thinner periplasmic space: Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

A

Gram-positive

44
Q

what is the major component of the bacterial cell wall?

A

peptidoglycan

45
Q

what is the area between the plasma membrane and peptidoglycan called?

A

the periplasmic space/periplasm

46
Q

describe the structure of peptidoglycan

A
  • alternating NAM and NAG sugars
  • peptide strands of alternating D- and L- amino acids
  • NAM has the peptide chain coming off of it
47
Q

what kind of structure do peptidoglycan monomers form?

A

a helical structure

48
Q

what kind of linkage do the peptidoglycan chains have in E. coli?

A

direct linkage

49
Q

what kind of linkage do the peptidoglycan chains have in S. aureus?

A

indirect linkage

Microbio 3220 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions