Exam 3 Material (Part 1)

Question 1

What is it called when you have two nuclei with one set of chromosomes each?

Answer 1

Dikayotic

Question 2

What is the fusion of cytoplasm?

Answer 2

Plasomogamy

Question 3

What is being described?:
- the sac in ascomycetes in which the sexual spores are formed, there are 8 of them, and they are produced WITHIN

Answer 3

Asci

Question 4

What is the fusion of nuclei called?

Answer 4

Karyogamy

Question 5

What is being described?:
- Reproductive structures that produce sexual spores in basidiomycetes, there are 4 of them, and they are produced OUTSIDE

Answer 5

Basidia

Question 6

What creates conidia?

Answer 6

Ascomycetes

Question 7

What is the combination of a fungus and an alga?

Answer 7

Lichen

Question 8

Most fungi use what kind of spores (related to movement)?

Answer 8

Non-motile spores

Question 9

How can fungi reproduce?

Answer 9

sexually AND asexually

Question 10

Are fungi parasitic or mutualistic?

Answer 10

Both

Question 11

How can yeast reproduce?

Answer 11

Asexually through budding

Question 12

What are conidia?

Answer 12

Asexual spores

Question 13

Which body type is being described?:
- Multicellular mycelium hyphae

Answer 13

Mold body type

Question 14

Which body type is being described?:
- Unicellular

Answer 14

Yeast body type

Question 15

What do microsporidia has that is used to infect its host (sends its nucleus/materials into the host)?

Answer 15

polar tube

Question 16

What is being described?:
- Both unicellular AND multicellular individuals
-earliest branches of the fungal group
-genetically put together with fungi (DNA/RNA evidence separates them from protist groups)
-ONLY fungi that have flagella at some time
-are probably NOT monophyletic (made up of 4 clades)
-most live in freshwater
-are either completely single-celled OR alternate generations
-MOST are decomposers
-some are parasitic.

Answer 16

Chtridiomycetes

Question 17

What is being described?:
- This group includes the subgroup microsporidia (small, unicellular parasitic fungi)
-reproduce through binary fission/mitosis–reproduce sexually through fusion of these cells
-traditionally thought of as the molds
-not necessarily a monophyletic group
-MOSTLY consist of decomposers
-tend to be coenocytic
-WILL have sepa (separates their sexual structures from main mycelium)
-their sex structures are called GAMETANGIA (acts like gametes)

Answer 17

Zygomycetes

Question 18

What is being described?:
- Exclusively made up of fungi that are SYMBIONTS (form microrizy relationships w/ plants)
-the fungus sends its hyphae through the cell walls of the plant root cells, but it doesn’t penetrate the plasma membrane inside of the cell wall
-is usually a mutualistic relationship (ex: a branch has more surface area than a root hair of a plant) (more efficient exchange of nutrients)

Answer 18

Glomeromycetes

Question 19

What is being described?:
- One of the two most recent groups to have evolved from fungi
-very large group (probably the largest w/ 32,000 known species)
-some species have microrizy relationships but aren’t glormeromy (these species DO NOT have arbuscules
-their relationship is only on the SURFACE outside the cell wall)
-about 40% of these form relationships w/ lichens (a dual organism between a fungus and algae)
-both hetero/homophilic species merge w/ different strains.

Answer 19

Ascomycetes

Question 20

What is being described?:
- Can merge w/ their own strain/could possibly self-fertilize

Answer 20

Homophalic

Question 21

What is being described?:
- Are the sister taxa to the ascomycetes
-has over 30,000 species
-group that includes the MUSHROOMS
-are called club fungal b/c their reproductive structures are NOT the ascus but BASIDIA
-basidia produce basidiospores (through meiosis) and in this case, we only get 4 (b/c mitosis does NOT follow up after meiotic divisions)
-basidiospores form on the OUTSIDE of the basidium (unlike ascomycetes)

Answer 21

Basidiomycetes

Question 22

What is being described?:
- One generation produces sexually then the next generation reproduces asexually.

Answer 22

Alternating generations

Question 23

What is being described?:

• Are dual organisms (where we have a fungus and an alga living together)
  -the fungal bodies are either ascomycetes OR basidiomycetes
  -symbiotic relationship (between fungus and alga)/not necessarily mutualistic
  -1/5 of fungal species are in _____ relationships
  -can grow on many types of surfaces (can grow on pretty much anything), except a polluted city
  -they either reproduce as just a fungus by itself OR a fungus WITH an algae
• has 3 body plans (foliose/looks like leaves
  -crustose/”crunchy looking”
  -fructicose/”antler/horn-like”)
  -MOST are ascomycetes, but some tropical species are basidiospores

Answer 23

Lichens

Question 24

What is being described?:
- When a fungus and alga travel together

Answer 24

Soredia