Exam 6 Material (Amphibians: Group of Vertebrates)

Question 1

What are the three orders/groups included in the amphibians?

Answer 1

Urodela, Anura, and Apoda

Question 2

What does the name Urodela refer to?

Answer 2

The name refers to having a tail

Question 3

What does the name Anura refer to?

Answer 3

The name refers to having no tail

Question 4

What does the name Apoda refer to?

Answer 4

Refers to having no feet

Question 5

What kind of respiration do pretty much all Amphibians use?

Answer 5

They all pretty much use cutaneous respiration

Question 6

What is being described?:
- Transmission of gases across an organism’s skin

Answer 6

Cutaneous respiration

Question 7

Where do most Amphibians return to reproduce?

Answer 7

They return to water to reproduce

Question 8

Which group of Amphibians includes the Salamanders and Noodes?

Answer 8

Urodela

Question 9

Does Urodelas return to water to reproduce?

Answer 9

Yes, they return to water to reproduce

Question 10

What kind of feeders is Urodelas?

Answer 10

They are external fertilizers

Question 11

What is special about the “life cycle” of Urodelas?

Answer 11

They will metamorphose from larva (tadpoles to their adult form—in that adult form they will have lost gills and developed legs)

Question 12

What is special about Urodela’s diet?

Answer 12

Often there is a shift from an herbivorous (plant-based) diet (as larva) to a carnivorous diet (as an adult)

Question 13

What features does Urodelas have?

Answer 13

• Tongues
• Eyelids
• A tympanic membrane (used to transmit sound)

Question 14

What is being described (we get this is Urodelas)?:
- The retention of larva characteristics in a mature individual

Answer 14

Paedomorphosis

Question 15

In Amphibians, we see how many types of circulation?

Answer 15

Two (pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation)

Question 16

What is being described (present in Amphibians)?:
- Blood circulation from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again)

Answer 16

Pulmonary circulation

Question 17

What is being described (present in Amphibians)?:
- Blood circulation from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart again

Answer 17

Systemic circulation

Question 18

In Amphibians we see _____ ventricle but ____ atria in the heart

Answer 18

A single; two

Question 19

What is being described (present in amphibians)?:
- They are what allow for systemic and pulmonary circulation with it being the main pusher of the blood to the rest of the body)

Answer 19

The importance of the two atria

Question 20

Which group of Amphibians get their name because of one of the multiple membranes that surround the embryo/are adjacent to the embryo and the amnion immediately surrounds the embryo and protects it?

Answer 20

Amniotes

Question 21

What is being described (present in Amniotes)?:
- Supplies liquid for the developing embryo and protects it (helps to combat the challenges of living on land)

Answer 21

Amnion

Question 22

What type of group are the Amniotes?

Answer 22

The Amniotes are a monophyletic group (derive from an ancestor with amniotic egg)

Question 23

What are some of the adaptations that Amniotes made to live on land?

Answer 23

• Kidneys that are really good at conserving water
• Skin that is non-permeable

Question 24

What two groups can Amniotes be broken up into?

Answer 24

Synapsids and Dipasids

Question 25

What does Synapdis lead to?

Answer 25

Synapsids lead to mammals

Question 26

What do Dipasids lead to?

Answer 26

Dipasids lead to reptiles and birds

Question 27

What would make Reptiles a monophyletic group?

Answer 27

The reptiles would not be a monophyletic group unless you include the birds

Question 28

What type of hearts do MOST Reptiles have (with some exceptions)?

Answer 28

Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart

Question 29

Which types of Reptiles have a four-chambered heart?

Answer 29

- Crocodiles - Birds - Dinos - Pterosaurs

Question 30

Which type of Reptile has these features? - Scally legs - Feathers - Beaks or bills (instead of teeth)

Answer 30

Birds

Question 31

What do Birds have that allows them to have a one-way respiratory - air enters the body one way going through the lungs and exits the body in a different pathway

Answer 31

Air sacks

Question 32

What type of heart do Birds have (is important for good circulatory/respiratory function) (is important because they are so endothermic and have a high metabolism and they burn through energy at a higher level)?

Answer 32

Four-chambered heart

Question 33

Why don't Birds have teeth?

Answer 33

Birds do not have teeth because teeth have a lot of weight in the front end, which would pull them down when they tried to fly)

Question 34

What do Birds have a lot of in their bones?

Answer 34

They have a lot of airspace in their bones

Question 35

What do Birds have that makes up for them not having teeth (a storage region in their esophagus that feeds through part of their stomach called the gizzard)?

Answer 35

Crop

Question 36

What is being described (present in Birds)?: - Is muscular/often has sand or other hard materials that can squeeze the food in the place of teeth)

Answer 36

Gizzard

Question 37

What makes Birds different compared to other reptiles?

Answer 37

- They have relatively large brains - They do a lot of vocalizations - They have large migratory pathways

Question 38

What features do Mammals have that make them unique?

Answer 38

- Hair - Mammary glands that produce milk - 3 inner earbones for hearing - Differentiated teeth (teeth that serve different functions) - Are endothermic (being able to break down food more efficiently means you get energy quicker)

Question 39

What structures do Mammals have that make the unique?

Answer 39

- They have a diaphragm (lies posterior to the ribcage) - A four-chambered heart (helps to keep fresh, oxygenated blood separate from used, deoxygenated blood)

Question 40

What is the size of the brain of Mammals?

Answer 40

They have relatively large brains

Question 41

What are most Mammals (reproductively)?

Answer 41

Most Mammals are viviorous (live birth---except monotreme Mammals which lay eggs---Metatheria give birth to under-developed young that will latch on to a nipple in the pouch and develop into a baby)

Question 42

Which group of mammals are the most diverse and have a full-term birth?

Answer 42

Eutherian Mammals

Question 43

Which groups are sister taxa to each other but are distantly related (example of convergent evolution) (natural selection gave way to their similar body types in their niche environments)?

Answer 43

Eutherian and Marsupial Mammals