Exam 4 Material (Part 1) Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is being described?:
- Some of the oldest, biggest, and tallest organisms on the planet
-ALL of them are woody (have thick/hard secondary xylem)
-monophyletic group
-means “naked seed”
-there is NOT an ovary wall surrounding the ovule
Gymnosperms
What is being described (type of gymnosperm):
- are dioecious (there are separate male and female plants)
-have flagellated sperm (sperm that have flagella)
-do NOT need water for reproduction (wind/insects will do pollination)
-are NOT palm trees (palm trees are angiosperms)
Cycads
What is being described (type of gymnosperm):
- Only represented by ONE species (oldest living tree genus)
-also dioecious/have flagellated sperm
-pollution tolerant
-drop their leaves in the winter
Ginkoes
What is being described (type of gymnosperm):
- Largest group of extant gymnosperms (most common)
-includes pine
-produce thick rezin (sticky/protect from damage)
-have needles (sometimes have scale-like leaves)
-they stay green year-round
-most are monoecious (have BOTH male and female parts)
Conifers
What is being described (type of gymnosperm)?:
- Pretty small group (70 species)
-in some ways like flowering plants but are NOT sister taxa to them (similar features were gained through convergent evolution)
-like flowering plants, they have vessel elements in their xylem (much more efficient than tracheids)
-only vascular plants have vessel elements
-have characteristics of angiosperms (only group of gymnosperms to have them)
Gnetophytes
What is being described?:
- Plants that make fruit
-can be referred to as flowering plants (they have flowers/produce fruit)
-most diverse group (over 300,000 species)
-primarily/exclusively woody (produce wood)
-also have herbaceous plants (ex: grass)
-like gnetophytes, they have vessel elements in their xylem
-have sieve-tube elements in their phloem
-an ovary wall IS surrounding the ovule/that becomes the vessel where the seed is located)
Angiosperms
What is being described?:
- Are mostly herbaceous
-their flower parts are in threes
-have parallel venation
-embryo with one cotyledon (embryonic seed)
-have a lot of endosperms
-have fibrous root system
Monocots
What is being described?:
- Have wider leaves
-needed venation
-2 cotyledon
-less endosperm
-have taproot
Eudicots
What represents about 97% of angiosperms?
Monocots and eudicots
What is considered a perfect flower?
If a flower have both stamens and carpels
What are the 4 major structures of a flower?
- Sepal
- Petal
- Stamen
- Carpel (is synonymous with pistil)
What is considered a complete flower?
If a flower has ALL four parts
What is being described?:
-Only in flowering plants
- Where one sperm will fertilize the egg and the other fertilizes the two polar nuclei, making the endosperm
Double fertilization
What is being described?:
- Happens at meristems located at the end of stems/roots (increases stem/root length/called apical meristems/we find them in the embryonic shoots in the buds)
-plants can have indeterminant growth (will just keep growing all their life)
-the apical meristem in the root is covered by the root cap (protects it)
-the cells divide then they elongate and then they will differentiate into their different cell types
Primary growth
What is being described?:
- The cork cambium creates cork cells (lie outside of meristem/cork periculum forms inside of meristem)
-has to do with increases in girth (circumference of plant/plant getting thicker)
-call these stems lateral meristems
-two types: vascular cambium and cork cambium
-inner bark is secondary phloem
-cork, cork cells, and cork periculum cells all makeup periderm
Secondary growth
What are the two types of cambiums?
Vascular and cork cambium
Which system is being described?:
- Makes up the bulk of herbaceous plants (soft-tissued plants)
Ground tissue system
What is being described (part of the ground tissue system):
- The most common type of cell in plants (make up the soft part of plants)
-can differentiate into other types of cells
Parenchyma
What is being described (part of the ground tissue system):
- Are flexible and they provide support for the non-woody plants
-the string of celery is made up of collenchyma cells
Collenchyma
What is being described (part of the ground tissue system):
- Provide structural support
-help form primary and secondary cell walls (they’re thick)
-there are two types: fiber type (long, tapered) and scholerids (variable in appearance/very common in the shells of seeds/pits)
Sclernchyma
What is being described?:
- Is made up of the xylem and phloem (depending on the groups of plants we’re talking about, for the xylem it would be tracheids or vessel elements)
-tracheids are what we find in most gymnosperms/earlier vascular plants
-vessel elements are more efficient/found in angiosperms/gnetophytes
Vascular tissue system
What is being described (part of the vascular tissue system):
- What makes vessel elements more efficient is that they are open on BOTH ends, where the xylem is tapered w/ pits where water travels in and out
-both tracheids and vessel elements are hollow and dead (they also have parenchyma cells associated w/ them for storage of fibers that provide support)
Xylem- tracheids and vessel elements
What is being described?:
- Are NOT dead like the xylem, however, they do NOT have nuclei (the companion cells run the show
-are companion cells that are connected to the phloem/sieve tube elements through plasmodesma
-allows companion cells to move sugars into the sieve tube elements so that they can be transported
-there are likely fibers and parenchyma cells that assist with support
Phloem-sieve tube elements
What is being described?:
Veins basically just follow up the length of the leaf in parallel lines
Parallel veination
