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Nutrition > Exam 3: Minerals > Flashcards

Exam 3: Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

Minerals are ________ elements that are required for the maintenance of good health and production

A

INORGANIC

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2
Q

examples of macro minerals

A

Ca
P
Mg
Na
Cl
K
S

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3
Q

examples of micro minerals

A

Fe
Mn
Cu
I
Zn
Cr
Co
Se

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4
Q

what minerals are not normally supplemented in diets because levels in feed ingredients are sufficient

A

Mg and S

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5
Q

what minerals are considered electrolytes

A

Na
Cl
K

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6
Q

Are minerals the only class of nutrients that are inorganic, yes or no

A

yes

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7
Q

functions of mineral elements

A

structure
cofactors for enzymes
constituents of essential components in body
constituents of body fluids

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8
Q

structural mineral element examples

A

teeth and bone

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9
Q

charge on metal ions can aid enzymes

A

cofactors

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10
Q

examples of constituents of essential components in body

A

IRON in hemoglobin
IODINE in thyroxine
COBALT in vitamin B12
SULFUR in methionine and biotin
MOLYBDENUM in xanthin oxidase

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11
Q

difference between coenzyme and prosthetic group

A

coenzyme: non-permanent relationship, organic non-protein compound

prosthetic group: permanent relationship of enzyme and nonprotein organic compound (vitamin)

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12
Q

examples of constituents of body fluids (blood, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid)

A

transmission of nerve impulses
maintain normal blood pH by acting as buffers
maintain osmotic pressure

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13
Q

all animals are subjected to mineral deficiencies which may be caused by

A

suboptimal amount of feed

imbalance of another mineral which decreases the absorption

any condition which increases the rate of passage of elements through the gut or body (diarrhea)

a metabolic antagonist which causes the animal to require more dietary mineral to overcome

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14
Q

Excretion routes vary (list possible routes)

A

almost entirely feces
some urine (electrolytes)
some both routes
some lost in sweat (like Na)
Iron (Fe) may be lost due to blood loss

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15
Q

Iron (Fe) may be lost due to blood loss. What are some examples where blood is lost

A

wound
disease
menstrual cycles

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16
Q

many minerals are involved in the process called

A

chelation

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17
Q

A chelating agent binds to a mineral to varying degrees and general has the effect of isolating the mineral from interactions with other compounds

mineral attaches to poison/metal and drags it out of the body

A

chelation

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18
Q

nutritional significance of chelation

A

may bind trace elements in the diet and release them at sites where they’re needed

prevents other interactions during digestion

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19
Q

medical functions of chelation

A

remove certain isotopes or poisons from body to have them excreted
example: viruses/bacteria, lead toxicity

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20
Q

natural chelators

A

Hemoglobin to iron
vitamin b12 to Cobalt

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21
Q

synthetic chelators

A

EDTA

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22
Q

other than being a synthetic chelator, what function does EDTA have

A

acts as a anticoagulant bu sequestering ca++ ions for clotting

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23
Q

other than being a synthetic chelator, what function does EDTA have

A

acts as an anticoagulant by sequestering ca++ ions for clotting

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24
Q

in many respects _____________ are integrated in metabolism-compose over _______% of body minerals; are quantitatively the 2 most important

A

calcium and phosphorus
70%

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25
adequate Ca and P nutrition depends on 3 factors
a sufficient supply of Ca and P the suitable ratio between the two, 1:1 or 2:1 presence of vitamin D
26
Increase in vitamin D causes an increase in
utilization of Ca and P
27
___% of Ca and ___% of P are in bones and teeth (structural components)
99% 80%
28
Ca is necessary for _______________ mechanism along with vitamin D and K
blood clotting
29
what do Ca and P form that is extremely hard and difficult to solubilize
hydroxy apatite crystals
30
Ca++ interacts with other minerals to control and regulate
muscles and nerve reactions
31
Ca++ deficiency can lead to
tetany or continuous contraction
32
excess Ca++ can impair _______ function so that cardiac or respiratory _____ may result
muscle failure
33
Calcium is an osmoregulator meaning
it helps regulate osmotic pressure of cellular fluids in the body
34
calcium helps maintain ___________ of the body fluids
acid-base equilibirum
35
pancreatic lipase, succinic dehydrogenase, ATPase are examples of
enzyme activators of calcium
36
calcium absorption occurs primarily in
proximal portion of the gut (upper section of midgut)
37
calcium absorption depends on
its solubility at point of contact with absorbing membranes
38
factors that help/contribute to Ca++ absorption
acid conditions help keep Ca in the solution adequate vitamin D low phytic acid low oxalic acid low P levels estrogen age
39
high phytic acid, does what to absorption
decreases
40
excess P or Ca levels can do what to absorption
decrease
41
Increase age does what to absorption
decrease
42
estrogen does what to absorption and storage of calcium
increase
43
route for undigested and unabsorbed Ca and P as well as endogenous Ca and P
Feces
44
is apparent digestibility useful for determining the usefulness of dietary Ca and P sources
NO
45
a decrease in serum calcium causes what
increase in parathyroid hormone release Ca++ from bone
46
increase in serum calcium causes what
increase in calcitonin decrease blood Ca
47
when serum Ca decreases the parathyroid (PTA)does what
Bones: increase osteoclast Kidney: increase Ca in urine reabsorption Intestine (midgut): increase rate of Ca absorption from diet (upregulate expression of callbridin)
48
types of bones cells
osteoclast osteoblast
49
calcium deficiency leads to
reduced growth, especially in bone hyper irritability tetany poor repro performance rickets (young animals)
50
beading of ribs is caused by
calcium or phosphorus deficiency
51
rickets vs osteomalacia
Rickets: young animals; bones dont calcify properly, bones are weak and can fracture Osteomalacia: adult bone; softening of bone due to decrease in mineral content weakness, fractures, deformity
52
possible causes of osteomalacia
excess PTH low blood Ca or P pregnancy or lactation
53
______and ______ are most likely to be deficient in Ca++ due to their rapid growth and diets, lack exposure to sun (vitamin D)
pigs and poultry
54
grains and protein concentrates are lower in ____ that roughages
Ca
55
______% of ___ is in bone and is associated with Ca
80% Phorphorus
56
most of P is found in
RBC
57
inorganic P is found in
plasma
58
_______ play an important role in maintaining phosphorus balance
kidneys
59
functions of phosphorus
bone formation enzyme or coenzyme phosphorylation electron and H transfers constituent of ATP constituent of nucleoproteins, DNA, RNA, phospholipids
60
Active absorption of P primarily occurs in
distal duodenum
61
what form is phosphorus mainly absorbed
as free phosphate
62
conditions favoring the absorption of P
presence of potassium normal levels of Ca, Fe,Mg, and some trace minerals vitamin D acid medium low phytic acid
63
Phosphorus deficiency leads to
decreased growth decreased bone growth rickets or osteomalacia pica
64
occurs in grazing animals fragile bones lameness low fertility chewing on bones or wood
pica (aka depraved appetite)
65
animals weakened by _____ deficiency may contract diseases and infection easier
P
66
interaction of Ca, P, and Vitamin D to rickets
In young confined calves and suckling animals, the problem is usually due to a lack of vitamin D Poultry and swine: Ca or vitamin D due to P deficiency in ruminants
67
____ is probably the most important mineral in ruminants (except salt) especially in pregnant animals
Phosphorus
68
Magnesium is the _____ most important
third
69
sources of magnesium
grasses: alfalfa, animal protein suppl, MgO (40%) and grains (low in Mg) half of body Mg in bone, found in cells (liver, skeletal muscle) most blood Mg in RBC
70
functions of magnesium
bone oxidative phosphorylation enzyme activator co-factor in phosphate transfer chelates with phytate to form insoluble Mg-phytate salt helps decrease nerve irritability
71
How is magnesium absorbed
passively mostly from ileum
72
Deficiency in magnesium can cause
-hyper irritability -muscular twitching -weak/crooked legs -tetany (grass tetany) -mitochondrial swelling -reduced enzyme activity -calcification and necrosis of the kidney -death -low blood Mg -vasodilation
73
decrease acetylecholine drop in blood pressure stop heart in diastole interferes with Ca and P
magnesium toxicity can cause
74
about ____% of magnesium supply is in the skeleton
70
75
the remaining 30% of magnesium is distributed in
body fluids and tissues
76
about ___ of the skeletal Mg an be mobilized to the _____ in case of reduced dietary supply
1/3 blood
77
where is magnesium absorbed
small intestine (ileum) rumen of ruminants
78
high NH3 levels may do what to absorption
decrease it
79
high N in blood does what to urinary Mg excretion
increase
80
high K does what to absorption
decrease
81
a common occurrence in cows and ewes turned on lush pasture in spring
grass tetany (hypomagnesemia)
82
grass tetany is characterized by
low Mg in blood nervousness loss of appetite trembling conculstions coma death
83
stepping syndrome, unthriftiness, and conclusive seizure are possible symptoms of
magnesium deficiency
84
the body contains about _______ % of sulfur
1.5
85
most sulfur is bound _______ in protien in the sulfur-containing amino acids
organically
86
wool is around ___% sulfur
4
87
of the total sulfur in blood most is present in
free amino acids (cys and met) the plasma proteins
88
of the total sulfur in blood, a small amount is present as the inorganic ________ion
sulfate
89
of the total sulfur in blood, another portion is present in various organic compounds like
insulin glutathione
90
insulin
hormone regulating blood sugar
91
glutathione
reducing agent in metabolism
92
what vitamins is S present in
thiamine and biotin
93
from the sulfur present in the body, it can be seen that sulfur nutrition is primarily a matter of _____________ nutrition
amino acid
94
sulfur is normally absorbed in the organic form as the amino acids ________ and ___________
cysteine methionine
95
Absorption of sulfur mainly takes place in
small intestine
96
sulfur is excreted in
feces and urine
97
What sulfur is in urine
inorganic ethereal sulfur neutral sulfur
98
What sulfur is in feces
organic
99
do we supplement rations with sulfur, yes or no
generally no
100
in using NPN (like urea) in ruminants, additional sulfur may prove beneficial for
microbial synthesis of S containing amino acids
101
do we have to consider S when feeding natural protein to ruminants, yes or no
NO
102
sodium, potassium, and chlorine occur primarily in
body fluids soft tissues
103
main functions of electrolytes
maintain osmotic pressure acid-base balance in the blood water metabolism
104
is it normally a problem to have an insufficient amount of electrolytes
no
105
Electrolyte deficiency will cause
lack of appetite weight loss and production physiological/pathological
106
are Na,K, and Cl stored
no they're absorbed and excreted as needed
107
body has ____% of Na, mostly in body ______
0.2 fluids
108
Na is a primary cation of
extracellular fluid
109
Where is Na commonly found
93% of blood serum in muscles for contractions/nerve potentia
110
where is Na absorbed
rapidly absorbed from small intestine small amount from stomach
111
how is Na excreted
mainly via kidneys via skin by sweating
112
functions of Na
regulate osmotic pressure acid-base balance muscle contraction
113
sodium deficiency causes
decreased feed consumption poor growth/production emaciation or wasting away
114
how much Na does an animal need in the diet
0.1-0.2%
115
plants are routinley ___ in Na, so its common to supplement animal diets with salt
low
116
the body contains __% of potassium
0.2
117
K primarily occurs where in the body
intracellular fluid
118
K is absorbed in the
small intestine
119
how is K excreted
kidneys sweat
120
functions of K
osmotic pressure acid-base balance muscle contraction enzyme cofactor (main difference from Na)
121
Deficiency of K can cause
reduced growth heart lesions tubular degeneration of kidneys muscular aches and weakness (pregnancy)
122
what food are good sources of K
banana orange
123
how much Cl is in the body
0.1%
124
where is Cl located in the body
inside and outside the cells
125
functions of Cl
osmotic pressure acid-base balance initiates hydrolysis and lowers pH of stomach activates proteolytic enzyme pepsinogen
126
where is Cl absorbed
small intestine
127
How is Cl excreted
kidney
128
Toxicity of high salt intakes are ____ if adequate ___ is available. However this capacity can be exceeded and excess __________________ results
low water water retention/edema
129
The requirements of electrolytes are considered together as
milliequivalents
130
Na is the main ____cation
extracellular
131
K is the main __________cation
intracellular
132
Cl is an _______
anion
133
deficiency symptoms of Cl include
diarrhea vomiting alkalosis
134
roles of Ca and P in the body
Structure Regulation
135
what regulation roles do Ca and P participate in
blood clotting neuromuscular activity enzyme activator osmoregulator acid-base equilibrium
136
is blood calcium readily influenced by diet intake
NO
137
blood calcium is under ________________ to maintain at constant levels despite fluctuations
strict hormonal control
138
examples of effects of changes in serum calcium include
milk fever parturient paresis
139
Blood calcium is low not due to low dietary intake but because of ___________ on Ca with onset _________ and the _______ response
excessive drain lactation parathyroid
140
how is magnesium excreted
urine
141
the main source of Na and Cl is
sodium chloride
142
identify
Phytic acid
143
identify
phytic acid
144
identify
phytate
145
identify
phytate
146
identify
cysteine
146
identify
methionine

Nutrition (14 decks)

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