Exam #3 (Nov 7/14) Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
When we breathe in it’s called?
A
Inspiration
2
Q
When we breathe out it’s called?
A
Expiration
3
Q
When we breathe deeply what is left in our system?
A
Residual Air
4
Q
What controls our breathing in our nervous system?
A
Medulla Oblongata (structure in back of brain in brain stem)
5
Q
What is tidal volume?
A
500mL, it is what we breathe normally
6
Q
When pressure outside body is more than 760?
A
Air will come in
7
Q
When pressure outside body is less than 760?
A
Air will go out
8
Q
What is the volume of expiratory reserve?
A
1200mL
9
Q
What is the volume of inspiratory reserve?
A
3100mL
10
Q
How many nephrons are there in each kidney?
A
1 million
11
Q
What is the function of nephrons?
A
To produce urine
12
Q
Urethra in females is how long?
A
2 inches
13
Q
Urethra in males is how long?
A
8 inches
14
Q
Process how urine passes?
A
2 Kidneys –>million nephrons in each that form urine
- -> Ureter - has two tubes –> Urinary bladder –> urethra
- produce 1-2 cups or urine*
15
Q
In our food we have protein, dna and rna that break down….
A
Protein –> Uric Acid
DNA –> Urea
RNA –> Creatinine
16
Q
What are nephrons loaded with?
A
Blood vessels
17
Q
What are the 3 things that happen in the nephrons?
A
- Filtration - substances are lost
- Osmosis - flow from high to low
- Active Transport - low to high concentration, lost substances are restored
18
Q
What percentage of blood passes through the kidney every minute? And why?
A
25%
To clean the blood
- If not cleaned by kidney then need dialysis
19
Q
Process how blood is is cleaned
A
Aorta, renal arteries, bad blood comes out renal veins that join Inferior Vena Cava
20
Q
If body water content drops 5%?
A
Feel thirsty
21
Q
If body water content drops 10%?
A
Feel ill
22
Q
If body water content drops 20%?
A
Death
23
Q
Sensory receptors in skin for?
A
Touch, temperature, pain and pressure
24
Q
What is Olfactory Nerve?
A
In the nasal cavity, 1st nerve
25
Tip of tongue has what kind of sensory receptor?
Sweet
26
Bitter of tongue has what kind of sensory receptor?
Bitter
27
Sides of tongue has what kind of sensory receptor?
Sour and Salty
28
What are neurons?
They are cells that transmit signals to our body so we react
29
What are the 2 parts of the Nervous System?
CNS - Central Nervous System (Has brain and spinal cord)
| PNS -Peripheral Nervous System (has the rest of the parts)
30
Sensory neurons?
Carry message
31
Inter neurons
Interpret message
32
Motor Neurons
Tell you what to do or how to react
33
What are the other cells that are found in the nervous system called?
Neuroglia
34
What is the function of neuroglia?
To take care and protect neurons
35
Axon?
Long structure that sticks out from the neuron
36
Telo Dendrites?
Branches from the axon
37
Synaptic Bulb?
Are the bulbs at the end of Telo Dendrites
- Synaptic bulbs has small structures called - Synaptic Vesicles that contain a chemical compound called neurotransmitters
38
What surrounds the axon?
Neuroglia of chemical compound called Myelin Sheath
39
What is Myelin Sheath made of?
Protein and Fat
40
Multipolar Neurons
Found all over body
41
Bipolar Neurons
Found in Retina
42
Unipolar Neurons
Found in Embryo
43
In the brain the cavities are called?
Ventricles, there are 4 of them
44
Cerebrospinal Fluid
This fluid runs in the brain and spinal cord, keeps the ventricles lubricated
45
4 types of Neuroglia in CNS?
1. Ependymal Cell
2. Microglial
3. Oligodenodrocyte
4. Astrocyte
46
Ependymal Cell?
Line ventricles in brain, make cerebrospinal fluid
47
Microglial?
Eat bacteria and viruses going to the brain
48
Oligodenodrocyte?
Just for protection
49
Astrocyte?
Blood brain barriers
50
Neuroglia found only in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann Cell, also protects axon with myelin sheath
51
Diverging Circuit?
When one neuron stimulated, passes on to more, to several
52
Converging Circuit?
Impulses go from several to one
53
Reverberating Circuit?
Input and output of neurons go back and forth
54
Parallel after discharge circuit?
Starts with one, then goes parallel, converges to one
55
Sodium Ions?
Allow impulses to pass through
56
Potassium Ions?
Close the sensation
57
Impulse resting potential is?
-70mV
58
Impulse Threshold point is?
-40mV
59
Impulse Action potential is?
+40mV
60
Depolarization is?
When action potential is going to happen
61
Repolarization phase is?
Starts to go back to resting potential
62
7/8 of the brain is called?
Cerebrum
63
1/8 portion of brain has?
Cerebellum (majority), rest is medulla oblongata and pons
64
What are the 3 membranes that protect the brain?
```
Dura Mater (under skull)
Arachnoid (middle)
Pia Mater (on brain itself)
```
65
The Cerebrum is attached by white matter called?
Corpus Collosum
66
In the brain grey matter is?
Along the edges, a little bit found in the center of the white matter too
67
In the spinal cord grey matter?
Is in the middle
68
The 4 ventricles in the brain are?
- 2 lateral ventricle
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th ventricle
69
The brain has how many cranial nerves?
12 in total
- 1st pair is Olfactory Nerve = for smell
- 2nd pair is the Optic Nerve = for sight
70
The spinal cord has how many nerves?
31 pairs
71
The brain is divided into parts:
```
Frontal Lobe - found in cerebrum
Parietal lobe (2)
Occipital Lobe - in back of brain
Temporal Lobe (2) - on sides
= all joined by Suture Joints
= attached to all of these is the cerebellum
```
72
Frontal lobe and temporal lobe for?
Speech (has Broca's speech area) and auditory
73
Occipital lobe for?
Vision
74
Parietal lobe has?
Wernicke's area for speech
75
The Medulla Oblongata and pons together are for?
Respiration
76
The hypothalamus is for?
Thirst, hunger, not making hungry, BUT at the same time called "KING OF THE BRAIN" because it controls the endocrine system (hormones)
77
Cerebellum is for?
Movement
78
When neurons are in bundles they are known as?
Nerves
79
Sensory neurons are?
Ascending
80
Motor Neurons are?
Descending
81
When sensory receptor is stimulated, interprets and results in motor neuron it's known as?
Reflex Arc
1. ) Sensory Receptor
2. ) Stimulates CNS
3. ) Inter Neurons
4. ) Motor Neuron, you react.
82
Autonomic Nervous System is divided in 2 parts?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
83
Sympathetic is made of?
- Stimulates heart
| - Has 12 pairs of thoracic and 3 pairs of lumbar nerves
84
Parasympathetic is made of?
- Slows down heart
| - 4 Pairs of cranial nerves and 3 pairs of sacral nerves
85
Homeostatis?
The condition in which our body is stable, so sympathetic and parasympathetic work together to do this
86
Parts of EYE?
1. Sclera (white and pink - no light can pass)
2. Cornea (clear, so light can pass)
3. Choroid
4. Retina
5. Optic Nerve
87
The lens is suspended in the eye with?
Ciliary Muscle
88
Chamber between cornea and lens is?
Anterior Chamber - has Aqueous Humor
89
Chamber between the lens and the optic nerve is?
Posterior Chamber - Has Vitreous Humor
90
Light passes through eye?
```
Cornea
Anterior Chamber
Aqueous Humor
Pupil
Lens
Posterior Chamber
Vitreous Humor
Retina
Optic Nerve
```
91
Lens is rounded on both sides, known as?
Biconvex
92
What is in the retina?
Has Macula Lutea that has Fovea Centralis, loaded with cones that make image sharper
93
What is in the optic nerve?
Blind spot, means no rods or cones
94
3 Distinct layers in the Retina?
1.) Rods and Cones
2.) Bipolar Neurons
3.) Ganglion Cell layer
= together they make us see
95
When optic nerves criss-cross known as?
Optic Chiasm
96
Near sightedness, if rays meet in front of retina?
Concave Lens
97
Far sightedness, if rays meet behind retina?
Biconvex lens
98
Astigmatism, when cornea or lens is uneven?
Put crushed glass with different angles to correct vision
99
Ear responsible for 3 things?
Hearing, Balance and Pressure
100
How we hear?
- Ear lobe
- External Auditory Canal
- Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
- Cochlea
101
The tiniest bones in ear are called?
Ossicles
102
What is for pressure in the ear?
Eustachian Tube
103
3 Chambers in Cochlea?
1. ) Scala Vestibuli (upper chamber) - has perilymph fluid
2. ) Scala Media (middle) has endolymph fluid and ORGAN OF CORTI
3. Scala Tympani (lower chamber) has perilymph fluid
104
ORGAN of CORTI has two membranes?
- Tectoral membrane (upper)
- Basilar membrane (lower)
* *in between membranes are neurons with hair that form VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
105
The 3 semicircular canals have fluid responsible for?
Angular Balance (eg. Ballet)
106
The swelling in semicircular canal is called?
Ampulla that has gel-like substance called cupula, this allows angular balance
107
2 Containers in ear are called?
Utricle and Saccule for vertical and horizontal balance
108
Otolithic Membrane has calcium carbonate crystals called?
Otoliths
109
Skeleton is for?
Protection of organs, manufactures blood cells, supplies body minerals and calcium and magnesium compounds
110
4 types of bones?
Long, short, irregular and flat
111
What makes Axial Skeleton?
Skull, Vertebral column, thoracic cavity and pelvic cavity
112
What makes Apendicular Skeleton?
Arms and legs
113
2 types of bones?
Compact and Spongey
114
Compact bone has?
Haversian Canal System, in middle is diaphysis and is called medullary cavity that has yellow bone marrow
115
Spongey bone has?
No Haversian Canal, instead has strips of bones called Trabecula that has red bone marrow (blood cells are manufactured here)
116
Hemopoiesis means?
Manufacture of blood cells
117
What helps joints move?
Articular cartilage
118
Cartilage that allows bone to grow in length?
Epiphyseal Line
119
Zygote bunch of cells that form 3 layers of cells:
Ectoderm (outer)
Mesoderm (middle) -
Endoderm (inner)
= all of these are known as stem cells
120
But Mesoderm cells give you...?
Bones
121
Blastocyst is the?
Early development into an embryo
122
Babies are born with membrane and cartilage, which change later to bones known as?
Ossification
123
When membrane turn into bones it's called?
Intramembraneous ossification
124
When cartilage turn into bones it's called?
Endochondrial ossification
125
Skull has what type of bones?
Flat bones
126
In the skull the holes for eyes is called?
Orbital Cavity
127
Hole for nose is called?
Nasal Cavity
128
Holes for ears is called?
Otic cavity
129
Top jaw is called?
Maxilla
130
Lower Jaw is called?
Mandible
131
Bone below orbital cavity? the cheek bones?
Zygomatic bone
132
Holes in the bones are called?
Foramen
133
Largest hole in bone is called?
Foramen Magnum, in which spinal cord passes through
