Final Exam Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Fractures are?
A
Simple and Deep
2
Q
When ribs are broken they?
A
Take longer to mend
3
Q
Bones have two things?
A
Blood vessels and veins
4
Q
When blood vessels break it can’t…
A
…leak on both sides
5
Q
First stage to repair a fracture?
A
Hematoma Stage:
- within 6-8 hours of breaking bone
- blood vessel forms a clot so not more blood can get out
- cells from all over come to help which are called Fibroblast cells (cells have a lot of fiber in them)
6
Q
Second stage to repair a fracture?
A
Fibrocartilagenous Callus
- when cartilagenous cells and bone cells come together
7
Q
Third stage to repair fracture?
A
Bony Callus
- Can last 3, 4 or even 6 months
8
Q
Fourth stage to repair fracture?
A
Remodeling
- means shaping the bone by means of osteoclast cells
9
Q
What are the four bone cells called?
A
Osteogenic - found in bony callus
Osteoblast - found in bony callus
Osteocyte - found in bony callus
Osteoclast
10
Q
Osteogenic
A
Give you other bone cells
Divide and form metamorphisis and osteoblast cells
metamorphisis is when cell changes body structure
11
Q
Osteoblast
A
Gives you matrix (such as carbonate, phosphate)
12
Q
Osteocyte
A
Cells that are responsible for metabolic functions (respiration, digestion)
They allow bone to live
Takes 1, 3, or 4 months to repair bony callus
13
Q
Osteoclast
A
Formed with 50 monocyte cells
Osteoclast shaves bone and makes it perfect into what it should be (remodeling)
14
Q
Muscles are made up of?
A
Different type of proteins
15
Q
The two proteins found in muscles are called:
A
Myosin and Actin
16
Q
About Actin, Troponin, and Tropomysin
A
Actin has wrapped around it tropomyosin, and titin also found in muscle in small quantity
17
Q
What protects the muscles?
A
Fascia membrane
18
Q
3 things inside Fascia membrane?
A
Epimysium - around whole muscle
Perimysium - Found inside Epimysium
Endomysium - Wraps around each muscle
19
Q
Proteins that are called actin and myosin are in groups that are called?
A
Sarcomere
20
Q
Myosin is?
A
Thick strands of protein
21
Q
Actin is?
A
Thin strands of protein
22
Q
Titin is?
A
Joins both Myosin and actin known as Z lines
23
Q
Myosin, Actin and Titin together?
A
is known as Sarcomere
24
Q
In the middle of Sarcomere there is only?
A
Myosin (M-Line) and no Actin
25
H-Zone is?
Where there is only Myosin
26
In the A Band
There is Myosin and Actin overlapping it
27
On the head of Myosin there are two attachments?
ATP attachment = gives energy
| Actin attachment
28
What happens to the size of Sarcomere when Actin and Mysoin slide into each other?
Size of Sarcomere becomes less, - This is known as contraction
- Sarcolemma pushes into transverse tubule
29
Circular muscles around eyes called?
Orbicularis Oculi
30
Circular muscles around mouth?
Orbicularis Oris
31
Circular muscles around nose?
Nasalis
32
Circular muscles in front of ears?
Masseter
33
Muscles of head called?
Temporalis, Frontalis, Parietalis, Ocipatalis
34
The very important muscle in our body, from back of skull to sternum in front bypassing clavicle is called?
Sternocleidomastoid and it is covered by Platysma for protection
35
What do endocrine glands do?
Secretes hormones to go target organs that affect the metabolic function of these organs
36
Endocrine glands secrete?
Hormones for specific glands
37
Some organs itself too secrete hormones for?
Specific organs
38
In the brain the pineal gland is called?
Hypophysis
39
Hypophysis has two parts?
Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis
40
In the throat is the?
Thyroid gland
41
Behind thyroid gland is?
Parathyroid
42
In the chest is the?
Thymus gland
43
On top of kidney is called?
Adrenal gland
44
1% of glands in the pancreas are called?
Islets of Langerhan
45
What are the organs that secrete hormones?
Heart, Kidney, Skin, Stomach, Small Intestines, Ovaries and Testes
46
In the brain itself there is a small structure that controls the entire endocrine glands?
Hypothalamus (tells it what to do/not do)
47
Hyper means?
More secretion
48
Hypo means?
Less secretion
49
If Hyper Secretion of Thyroxine?
Then people will grow in different direction and brain won't develop
- If happens in adults disease called Acromegaly
50
Growth hormone can be?
Hypo or Hyper
51
If Hyper secretion of hGH?
Gigantism
52
If Hypo secretion of hGH?
Dwarfism
53
What is the function of insulin?
To carry glucose
54
Bloodstream to every cell in body because?
Every cell can then have cellular aerobic respiration to provide us with energy
55
When glucose reaches?
The cell undergoes cellular aerobic respiration and has the ability to break down glucose into 36 ATP
56
Glycogen is?
A chemical compound in our system, nothing else but glucose is stored in our body
57
Too much protein or fat can be naturally converted into carbs by two things?
Cortisol and Carticosterone
58
Mineralocorticoid=
Aldosterone
59
Aldosterone is a hormone for?
Proper function of calcium ions in us so neuron will do its job in passing impulses
60
Sodium for?
Causing impulses
61
Potassium for?
Stopping impulses
62
Adrenal Medulla=
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine = adrenal rush = peak = eventually you crash
63
Hypoglycemia is when?
For some reason in your islets of Langerhan secrete too much insulin and regular supply of glucose = causes problems in body then
64
Heart secretes hormone called?
Antineuritic = In the cardiac muscle.
| - It slows heart down if it's beating too fast.
65
Stomach secretes hormone called?
Gastrin - it causes other cells in stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
- pepsin to break down proteins
66
Skin secretes hormone called?
Dehydroxycholesterol
| - Because of UV rays it converts to Vitamin D
67
The 3 things that help neuron work well especially in our nervous system?
Vitamin D, Calcitonine and Parathyroid Hormone
68
HGH
Human Growth Hormone utilized when we get older and continues in our body into adulthood
69
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone?
Goes through blood circulatory system to the Adrenal Gland so it can secrete hormone that will stimulate
70
Hormones only travel through?
Bloodstream
71
Follicle stimulating hormones?
Goes to follicles to help them form eggs
72
Ovaries have?
Follicles that produce eggs
73
Lutenizing Hormone also help?
Produce follicles that help make eggs
74
Follicle stimulating Hormone and Lutenizing Hormone both are found in?
Females and Males
| - Develop testes and sperm found in scrotum
75
Mitotic Cell Division? chromosome layout
46 --> 46 and 46
76
What hormone helps in urine secretion?
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
77
What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
78
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone in women...?
1. Lets you know whether they are pregnant or not
| 2. Increases Melanin (eg. women glow or develop freckles)
79
Oxytocin during child birth?
Causes shrinkage or contraction of uterus
80
Which gland secretes melatonin into blood stream?
Pineal gland
81
Parathyroid gland secretes?
Parathyroid hormone
| It balances calcium ions in our body for the proper functioning of the nervous system
82
Thyroid Gland releases two hormones
Thyroxine Hormone and Calcitonin Hormone
83
Thyroxine and Growth Hormone work together to?
Control metabolic functions in our body (movement, digestion, respiration)
84
Calcitonine is for?
Controlling calcium ions
85
Largest organ on our body?
Skin
86
Skin has a very complex compound called?
Dehydroxy Cholesterol
87
Dehydroxy Cholesterol and UV rays converts into?
Vitamin D
88
What 3 things balance calcium ions in our body so we don't have brittle bones?
Parathyroid, Calcitonin and UV rays
89
Fat adipose tissue
AKA fat
90
Fat is good because?
It gives us leptin to control our metabolic function
91
What is a hormone secreted by every cell in our body to help with all metabolic functions?
Prostaglandis
92
Which hormone is secreted by kidneys so our blood has erythrocytes?
Erythropoietin
93
Testes secrete a hormone called?
Testosterone (a steroid hormone) that helps develop male reproductive parts
94
Ovaries secrete two basic hormones?
Estrogen and Progesterone (both steroid)
95
Small intestines secrete two hormones
Secretin and Pancrezymin
96
Hypothalamus controls the?
Hypophysis which secretes reproductive and non-reproductive
97
Hypothalamus controls which system?
Endocrine system
98
Homeostasis by Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus --> Hypophysis --> through blood stream --> Gonadotropin releasing hormone
- If hypothalamus senses too much reproductive hormones it secretes Gonadotropin release inhibiting hormone causing homeostasis
99
5 Reproductive hormones released by Gonadotropin?
```
Follicle stimulating hormone
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Lutenizing Hormone
```
100
Hypothalamus --> Somatotropin releases hormone called?
Hypophysis --> hGH, Thyroid stimulating hormone and Anti Diuretic Hormone
101
If too much Somototropin is released by hypothalamus then it releases?
Inhibiting hormone
102
How is sperm produced?
Scrotum --> 2 testes --> fine tubules (700ft long) known as seminiferous tubules, which have cells that produce sperm
103
Vas Deferens passes through 3 major glands
1. Prostate Gland (gives mucus)
2. Seminal Vesicle (provides fructose)
3. Cowper's gland (gives mucus)
* *all together they form semen**
104
Ovulation is when?
Egg comes out into body cavity
105
When ovulation takes place in body cavity...
...it gets sucked into fallopian tube
106
Fertilization takes place in?
Fallopian tubes
107
When female and male chromosomes fuse together it's called?
Zygote = Diploid (23 from female, 23 from male)
108
Blastocyst is?
Ball of cells
| which comes down, goes into uterus and attaches to endometrium lining (the inner lining of the uterus)
109
The head of the sperm has a covering called?
Acrosome
110
The tail of the sperm has?
Mitochondria that helps it swim
111
DNA stands for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
112
DNA is made up of?
Deoxyribose Sugar (D)
Phosphorus (P) = nitrogen bases (purine and pyrimidine)
Hydrogen (.)
113
DNA molecule is two stranded and joined together by?
Purine and Pyrimidine
| can NEVER be joined by two Purines
114
When DNA molecule is twisted it's called?
Helix
115
When DNA splits, it breaks at the?
Hydrogen bonding
116
When DNA divides it forms?
The absolute same strand, duplicates itself
117
Chromosomes are found?
In the nucleus of cells
118
Chromosomes are made up of two strands called?
Chromatid, joined together by centromere
l *l
l * l
l *<------- Chromatid
l l
119
Meiotic cell division is?
When the same thing grows in same spot, eg. such as hair and nails
120
Spermatogenesis is when?
Spermatoza is produced by Mitosis
121
Meiotic cell division occurs in sex organs
46 (Diploid)
l
l
V
(23) (23) (23) (23)
Haploid
122
Haploid situation only takes place by meiotic cell division, when it takes place in the male testes, it is called?
Spermatogenesis
123
Sternocleidomastoid for?
Breathing/respiration
124
Out of 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs are called?
Autosomes (they don't have sex characteristics, but carry all other characteristics)
125
One pair for sex
```
XX = for female
XY = for male
```
126
Down Syndrome
21st pair chromosome has one extra chromosome
127
Turner Syndrome
Only one X chromosome will be female but UNDERDEVELOPED FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PARTS
128
Kleinefelter Syndrome
Have XXY chromosome
| - Will be a male, receives testosterone shots for male reproductive to form because not fully developed
129
Jacob's Syndrome
XXY - male will be very tall with abnormal features
130
Cancer is?
Excessive cell division, due to mutation when there is too much toxicity in the body
131
3 situations of chromosomes
Deletion, duplication and translocation
132
Deletion is
When a gene is deleted/effected by another gene
133
Duplication
A gene can be duplicated
134
Translocation
When gene cuts off and duplicates at another place with another gene
135
TT is?
Homozygous Tall/Totally dominant
136
Tt is?
Heterozygous dominant
137
tt is?
Homozygous recessive
138
Cardiac and skeleton structure of proteins are the same except:
Cardiac has intercalated disc
Skeleton = mutinucleate
Cardiac = Uninucleate
Smooth Muscle = Uninucleate
