Exam 3 Review Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
glucostatic mechanism set point
A
-hypothalamus tells pancreas to secrete insulin or glucagon
2
Q
glucostatic mechanism detector
A
-ventricle walls in brain
-
3
Q
glucostatic effector
A
- pancreas and liver
- liver takes glucose in response to hormones released by pancreas
- liver is sugar bank
- pancreas tells liver what to do
4
Q
why does insulin release cause dip in blood sugar
A
-sends messages to convert glucose to fat, glycogen, or energy
5
Q
why don’t brain cells have to rely on insulin
A
- can’t cross BBB
- glucose gets in via active transport
- don’t need insulin
6
Q
ad agencies and conditioning
A
- cs: picture of food/logo
- cr: sugar level drop so call company to bring back up
7
Q
argument that diet drinks make you fat
A
- encourage one to consume more calories b/c sweet taste leads to sugar drop
- have to eat more to get back to baseline
8
Q
ucs diet drinks
A
-insulin release in response to blood sugar rise
9
Q
cs diet drinks
A
-insulin release in response to sweet taste
10
Q
ucr diet drinks
A
-insulin release
11
Q
cr diet drinks
A
-insulin release
12
Q
why is insulin familiar and not glucagon
A
-famous insulin deficit (diabetes)
13
Q
causes of diabetes
A
- type 1: pancreas can’t produce insulin- autoimmune (attack producing cells)
- type 2: decreased sensitivity to insulin
14
Q
argument against exercise to lose weight
A
-burn relatively few calories during actual activity
15
Q
argument for exercise to lose weight
A
- raises body temp for hours
- increases muscle tone
- increases serotonin levels (appetite suppressant)
- stress hormone release (endorphines and glucagon)
16
Q
why isn’t CCK on open market
A
- only works if actually in brain and can’t cross BBB
- brain must release
17
Q
would CCK work as appetite suppressant
A
- no b/c can’t cross BBB
- ingestion: pill broken down
- even if injected, too big
18
Q
what happened when circulatory system of obese and slim mouse intermingled
A
- obese mouse got slim
- slim mouse stayed slim
- means that obese mouse lacked leptin prior to intermingling
19
Q
why incentive to develop taste for spicy food
A
-natural preservative
20
Q
why is SCN above optic chiasm
A
- receives input directly from retinal ganglion cells
- resets with exogenous sun cycle
21
Q
evidence to support repair and restoration explanation of sleep
A
- babies
- sleep more after activity
22
Q
what does repair and restoration theory leave unexplained
A
- why large predators sleep so much and small prey don’t
- prey are herbivores and move much more, but sleep much less
- sloths hardly move, but sleep a ton
23
Q
evidence for evolutionary theory of sleep
A
- dolphins
- learned to sleep for the necessary restore and restoration but in a way that is not evolutionarily harmful to them
- one hemisphere at a time
24
Q
what is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep
A
- emergent stage 1
- EOG energetic
- EEG indicates light sleep (energetic)
- EMG indicates deep sleep (low muscle tone)
25
after initial stage 1 sleep, what are later stage 1s
-emergent stage 1
26
part of brain more active during REM
- pons
- amygdala
- parietal/temporal lobes
- some of frontal lobe
27
emotional urgency of dreams
-amygdala
28
vivid imagery during dreams
- parietal/temporal lobes
| - space and faces
29
randomness of dreams
-pons
30
lucid dreams
-frontal lobe
31
why sleep more easily in cool room
- part of getting to sleep requires lowering body temperature
- chilling brain slows chemical processes
32
why does anxiety increase incidence of insomnia
- anxiety is opposite of relaxtion
| - since sleep is relaxation, insomnia is often caused by anxiety
33
why sleep study for impotence
- to make sure it's not a physiological problem
| - if psychological parasympathetic is active during REM and relaxed state allows for penile erections
34
how is sleep apnea misdiagnosed
* recommended therapy would be
| * bad idea b/c
35
features of REM
- light sleep EEG
- deep sleep EMG
- paralysis if occurs during wakening
- high activity of limbic system
- paralysis leads to cataplexy
36
one therapy for sleep apnea
- CPAP
- anti-histamines
- weight loss
37
what if REM occurred during waking
- one would have sleep paralysis where only part of the brain is conscious
- one would also display cataplexy (strong emotions)
- many also report being wakened during dreaming
38
what if novice administered same dose as habitual user
-novice would easily overdose
39
how does habitual user tolerate what novice can't
- metabolic tolerance- more NZ
- cellular tolerance- less receptor sensitivity
- cross tolerance
- behavioral tolerance
40
cs with drug but not ucs
-desperate need
41
ucs with drug, but not cs
-easy overdose
42
why cliche to say I can quit anytime I want
-habitual users can quit under social pressures, but addict cannot
43
brain chemistry consequences addiction
- physiological- frontal lobe damage (impulse control loss)
| - behavioral- hard time imagining future
44
why unlikely to see GABA antagonist on market
-brain would be oblivious to effects of alcohol, but the rest of the body would still suffer the consequences
45
clinical uses for marijuana
- anti-enemic
| - cranks up appetite too
46
clinical uses for nicotine
-none
47
clinical uses for cocaine
-topical analgesic or vasoconstrictor
48
clinical uses for opiates
- analgesics reduce pain
- reduce brain stem activity- codeine cough suppressant
- reduces digestive activity -> constipation
49
clinical uses LSD
-targets emotional aspect of pain
50
heroin attractive for abuse
- targets nucleus accumbens
| - stimulates dopamine release
51
marijuana attractive for abuse
- doesn't target nucleus accumbens
- doesn't stimulate dopamine release
- not addictive
52
cocaine attractive for abuse
-stimulates dopamine release
53
barbiturates attractive for abuse
- eases anxiety
| - doesn't give pleasure
54
alcohol attractive for abuse
- cause pleasure
| - stimulates dopamine release
55
drawbacks of R015-4513
- GABA antagonist
| - would sober, but could encourage over drinking
56
drawbacks of barbiturates
-dangerously low TI (30x effective dose)
57
how does marijuana differ from other drugs of abuse
- marijuana is not addictive
| - it targets anadamide receptors, not the nucleus accumbens dopamine receptors
58
final exam
- 50 multiple choice questions
- 35 questions all lecture from previous exams
- questions from old exams reworded
- 15 brand new questions (comprehensive)
- don't take final if 90% or above
59
effects of duodenum release of CCK
- close pyloric sphinter- food in stomach, full
| - stimulates vagus nerve which leads to CCK release in brain
60
nicotine as agonist
-direct of ACh
61
barbiturate as agonist
-indirect of GABA (alcohol too)
62
cocaine as agonist
-indirect agonist of dopamine
63
marijuana as agonist
-direct of anandamide
64
opiates as agonist
-direct of endorphins
65
LSD as agonist
-direct of serotonin
66
direct agonist
-binds to and activates receptive sites
