Unit 1: Ch. 1, 2, 3, & 4 Flashcards
0
Q
What distinguishes biopsychology from other sub disciplines of neuroscience?
A
It focuses on the study of behavior
1
Q
Specialized nerve cells that transmit electrochemical signals
A
Neurons
2
Q
Structure is to function as
A
Neuroscience is to biopsychology
3
Q
The advantage of humans over other subjects
A
Cheaper
Report subjective experiences
Follow verbal directions
4
Q
Major difference between human brains and other mammals
A
More cortex
5
Q
Within subjects design
A
Each subject exposed to each condition of experiment
6
Q
Difference manipulated by experimenter
A
Independent variable
7
Q
In so e studies, subjects are not assigned to conditions; instead subjects are selected b/c already live under those conditions (ex: alcohol consumers and nonconsumers). Such studies are…
A
Quasi experimental designs
8
Q
Schizophrenics and relatives have difficulties
A
Smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects
9
Q
Major method of cognitive neuroscience
A
Functional brain imaging
10
Q
Different approaches focused on single problem, specifically strengths of one approach compensate for weakness of other
A
Converging operations
11
Q
Primary symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome
A
Severe memory loss
12
Q
Subjects with curarized eye muscles, who view stationary target, see the target move
A
In same direction as they attempt to move eyes
13
Q
Approximately how many patients in US have received prefrontal lobotomy?
A
40,000
14
Q
Physiological psychology
A
Find patterns
Connect mechanisms
Look underneath to see what people actually mean
15
Q
Impulse
A
Strong urge or desire to act
Makes us all think we are crazy
Ex: random urge to gauge eye out when cutting vegetables
16
Q
Impulse control
A
Will power
Self control
Ex: don’t actually gauge eye out
17
Q
Frontal cortex
A
Responsible for impulse/impulse control
1st suppressed by alcohol
18
Q
Alcohol and frontal cortex
A
Most sensitive to alcohol
Depressant
Lose impulse control
19
Q
Mechanism
A
Process by which something is brought about
Behavior explained by smaller mechanisms
20
Q
Glial cell
A
Glue that holds brain together
90% of brain cells
Don’t do heavy thinking
21
Q
How many brain cells
A
Trillion
900 billion glial
100 billion neurons
22
Q
Phenomenology
A
Study of development of human conscience and self-awareness
23
Q
Basis for sex differences
A
Cell size
24
Female investment
Females invest ,ore in terms of resources b/c sex cells (ovum) are bigger than sperm
25
Genes and sex
Sex desirable b/c encourages reproduction
26
Evolutionary sex mechanism and males
More sexually aggressive and like lots of partners so they evolve mechanisms of deception- have to trick female into thinking they will stay around
27
Girls evolutionary sex mechanism
Careful and choosy with partners, want best offspring, and few partners- have to evolve detectors of male deception
29
Male and female arms race regarding sex
Social pressures and evolutionary mechanisms require both to become more intelligent
Males- improve deception
Females- detect deception
Will lead to gigantic brains
30
levels of description
have to talk about lower level underlying phenomena to explain more complicated mechanisms
Ex: using genes (biology) to explain behavior
*doesn't always apply (can't explain WWI w/ quantum mechanics)
31
John Money
believed people behave the way they are b/c of experience ONLY
circumcision complications with David Reimer caused Money to propose raising as girl
DISPROVED
32
What David Reimer taught us
1. ) sexual identity not based purely on exposure
2. ) sexual identity is innate (genes)
3. ) sexual identity stems from biology
33
left hemisphere dominant
verbal
34
right hemisphere dominant
visual, spatial
35
androgen
male hormone that leads to penis growth
36
androgen insensitive
have Y chromosome, but don't respond to androgens in womb (don't grow penis); born as a female anatomically
37
informal experiment
mystery switch; guessing game
38
formal experiment
independent and dependent variable; control and experimental conditions
39
Experimental conditions
exposing DV to manipulation of IV
40
control conditions
witholding manipulation of IV
41
quasi-experiment
can't manipulate conditions b/c of physical (sex, age) and ethical restraints; people have to naturally be in group
42
quasi-experiment example
let alcoholics and nonalcoholics drink like normal then measure drinking amount and degree of brain damage
43
limitations of quasi-experiment
coorilation does not always mean causation
| Ex: cant say alcohol causes brain damage b/c brain damage may cause drinking
44
aphasia
deficit in ability to produce or comprehend language
45
Broca's area
inferior prefrontal cortex of left hemisphere
| speech production
46
Gordon Holmes
cerebellum and visual cortex
specific region of brain for balance, vision, bladder
research on gunshot wounds to describe cerebellar disease
47
ataxis
failure of muscle control in arms and legs
| results in movement disorders
48
Roger Tootell
used radioactive sugar to analyze retinotopic organization in various areas of the brain
49
instrumental value
good b/c provides means for acquiring something else
| Ex: have money, so can get happiness
50
intrinsic value
good in itself
| Ex: happy is good, but not because it leads to anything else
51
what can fMRI tell us
different responses in men and women
stroke recovery
imagination and vision
auditory hallucinations
52
cognitive neuroscience
study of biological foundations of natural phenomena
53
fMRI
visualize what parts of brain active during certain tasks
| can be used to show different stroke recovery between genders
54
why do animal research
1. ) homology with human structure (wing, hand, etc)
2. ) understand animal subject
3. ) ethical and legal restrictions with humans
55
reason for no speciesism
animals cannot stand up for their right like humans can when it comes to racism/sexism
56
institutional animal care and use committee
have to balance benefits with cost; have to explain how you are going to minimize pain to the animal and what the costs and benefits are
57
learned helplessness
- Marty Sullivan shocked dog feet
- one group shocked until jumped over gate
- other group shocked even when jump over gate
- eventually stopped even trying to escape
* *can be used to describe depression
58
blood oxygen level dependent signal (BOLD)
shown in fMRI
| part of the the brain that are more active are more oxygenated
59
fMRI and stroke recovery
- men use a single area for certain tasks, while women use several different areas close in proximity
- women recover more quickly b/c have areas to compensate
- men have longer recovery b/c have to recruit other part of brain
60
diffuse activation
use several areas close in proximity to carry out task (women)
61
focal activation
single area for certain tasks (men)
62
visual imagination
- even if eyes are closed can see imagined image b/c visual system is in tact
- reason why dreams seem so vivid
63
damage visual cortex
can't imagine and can't see things when dreaming
64
auditory hallucinations
hearing voices in head
| normally cease when attention diverted
65
schizophrenics and auditory hallucinations
- cannot stop voices in head b/c of abnormalities in frontal cortex associated with focus and control
- cant control voices
- proven by fMRI showing active auditory cortex when reported voices in head
66
evolution
scientific explanation as to where bodies come from
67
why 2nd law of thermodynamics cannot be used as argument for no evolution
- law says entropy increases in CLOSED system
- evolution would be entropy decrease b/c things get more complicated
- valid b/c earth is OPEN
68
one way to study self-awareness in nonhuman animals is to confront them with...
a mirror
69
Darwin was not the firs to suggest species evolve, but he was the first to suggest...
how evolution occurs
70
social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often
produce more offspring than nondominant males
71
animals with dorsal nerve cords are called
chordates
72
what is not true regarding chordates
all chordates are vertebrates
73
last remaining hominid species
homo sapiens
74
metaphorically, evolution is
a bush
75
a bird's wing and bee's wing are
analogous
76
in what measure of brain development are humans surpassed by shrews
brain weight expressed as a percentage of total body weight
77
what does the brain stem regulate
reflex activities critical for survival
78
monogamy evolved in only those species
in which each female could raise more fit young if she had undivided help
79
Mendel's early experiments challenged which central premise
offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents
80
observable traits
phenotype
81
letters of genetic code
nucleotide bases
82
Cooper and Zubek found that maze-bright rats made fewer errors than maze-dull rats if
both groups had been reared in an impoverished laboratory environment
83
blood of newborn infants is routinely screened for
phenylalanine
84
most extensive study of twins reared apart
Minnesota study
85
afferent nerves carry sensory info
to the CNS
86
what conserves the body's energy
parasympathetic nervous system
87
three meninges from outside in
dura--> arachnoid -->pia
88
when a tumor near the cerebral aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain
hydrocephalus
89
part of the neuron that is sometimes myelinated
axon
90
communication among mammalian neurons occurs where
across synapses
91
axon
single long process emanating from cell body of multipolar neurons
92
myelination
increases speed of axonal conduction
93
back of your head is
posterior
94
tip of nose is
medial and anterior
95
cut that would sever all of the commissures (tract that connects right and left hemispheres
sagittal
96
where is the reticular formation
brain stem
97
what is visible on dorsal surface of brain stem
cerebellum
98
most sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to
the cortex
99
x-shaped structure of brain
optic chiasm
100
midsagittal cut to brain would leave uncut axon that are
ipsilateral (remain on one side)
101
which lobe does not border a longitudinal fissure separating hemispheres
temporal
102
function of occipital cortex
visual
103
limbic system
includes septum, cingulate cortex, fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus
involved in regulation of motivated behaviors
104
parts of the limbic system that are cortical structures
hippocampus and cingulate
105
membrane potential
difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell
106
Na+ are continuously forced into neurons by
high external concentration and negative resting potential
107
change in RMP from -70 mV to -72 mV
IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
108
decremental
EPSP and IPSPs decrease in amplitude as they travel through neuron
109
how far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out
no more than a couple of millimeters
110
where to action potentials originate
axon, adjacent to axon hillock
111
during an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with sodium ions triggers the
opening of potassium channels
112
end of rising phase of AP occurs when
potassium channels close
113
active transmission is to passive transmission as
APs are to EPSPs
114
how do neurons produce signals in postsynaptic neurons
by binding to postsynaptic receptors
115
autoreceptors are commonly found in
presynaptic membranes
116
acetylcholine
only neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic action
117
which inhibitory neurotransmitter is most prevalent in mammalian CNS
GABA
118
drugs that facilitate activity of synapses of particular neurotransmitters
agonists
119
curare
drug that produces paralysis by binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors
120
receptor blockers
drugs that block reuptake of neurotransmitter from synapse
121
antagonist
drugs that bind to neurotransmitters autoreceptors w/o activating them
122
drugs that degrade vesicles and cause neurotransmitter molecules to leak into cytoplasm where they are destroyed by enzymes
agonists of neurotransmitter
123
endorphin
morphine-like substance that occurs naturally in the brain
124
endorphins play a role in
analgesia (inhibit pain) and pleasure
125
William Paley
- Natural theology
- watch on a beach example
- watch is complex, so requires design and not chance
- human heart is complex, so must be design
126
3 evolution alternatives
1. ) chance
2. ) design
3. ) natural selection
127
Charles Darwin
natural selection- beneficial traits are conserved
128
artificial selection
-human intervention promotes survival of the best characteristics
Ex: dog breeding, cow raising, chicken raising
129
evolution of eye and natural selection
- plankton only have photoreceptors
- photoreceptors recess for protection
- continuing recess for better detection
- cuff forms around receptors
- pupil develops => mammal eye
130
components of natural selection
1. ) random variations
2. ) more reproduced than survive
3. ) fittest survive
4. ) adaptive characteristics survive
131
metaphor of a mountain
altitude is proportional to fitness- closer to peak, more fit and more likely to survive (flood)
132
conservation of adaptive characteristics
evolution is not chance, rather evolution conserves the adaptive traits and gets rid of the others
133
evolution of brain
began with flatworms, then chordates, then compromise
134
compromise to chordates
- armor for brain, not whole body
- nerver chord
- speed, maneuverability, weapons of attack
- more offensive than defensive
135
human kingdom
animal
136
human phylum
chordate
137
human class
mammal
138
human order
primate
139
human family
hominid
140
human species
sapien
141
alternatives to paley's argument
chance is unreasonable so would have to accept design, but Darwin saves the day combining chance and design in natural selection (some mutations are chance)
142
jumping to top of mountain example significance
evolution works in tiny stages (possible to "hop" all the way to the top of a mountain)
143
wrinkled brains
-restrained brain volume requires increase in surface area to increase cortex => greater intelligence
144
Aristotle and wrinkled brain
- thought increased surface area served to cool blood
- humans have cold blood and wrinkled brain
- animals without wrinkled brain have warm blood
- not an accurate explanation, but was onto something with the surface area idea
145
Richard Dawkins
- first to propose that unit of evolution is genes, rather than individual
- genes are "selfish" and only worry about heir own survival (want to make copies)
146
E.O Wilson
- said genes explain sexual aggressiveness of males
- males predisposed to want lots of partners -> lots of copies of genes
- criticized b/c many thought he was justifying rape (only was explaining)
147
alturism
1. ) doing something nice
2. ) benefitting others
3. ) not seeking reciprocal benefit
* no one is truly altruistic b/c always evolving to get most benefits out of life
148
why are we nice to kids
- genes predispose us to be
| - increases likelihood of survival and reproduction
149
kin selection
```
# of individuals x amount of shared genome >1; then willing to sacrifice self for them
*altruism that applies to relatives
```
150
reason to save single child
would be sacrificing an entire genome for half to survive, but genes still win in the end b/c children are young and have good potential for reproduction
151
reciprocal altruism
- nice to non-relatives seeking reciprocal behaviors
| - for people we know well
152
social contract
- nice to non-relatives we don't know
- deposit responsibilities
- withdrawal rights
- social behavior that establishes norms, rights, responsibilities
* accepted in society (rights) b/c obey norms (responsibilities)
153
why mean to other races
- don't follow same social contract
- have different norms and values
- causes fear of foreigners
154
Wason
- card sorting task based on symbolic logic
| - we don't have logical ability, so difficult to recognize which cards to flip over
155
Symbolic logic example
- have to find card that violates vowel on one side must have even # on other
* A: flip to find even #
* B: dont flip
* 4: DONT flip (vowel has to have even, not even has to have vowel)
* 7: flip to make sure no vowel
156
social contract calculator
- we just get it
- used when identifying drinking violators
- we're more likely to recognize a cheater than logical deviations (card flipping task)
157
"deposit" of drinking
responsibility of being 21 yrs old
158
"withdrawal" drinking
rights to drink
159
why genes promote social contract
- genes trying to make more copies or raise social standing
- random acts of kindness may pay off
- never know who is watching
160
what if we were equipped with general problem solver
-Wason's card flipping and underaged drinking tasks would be equivalent in difficulty
161
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
162
peripheral nervous system
everything besides brain and spinal cord
* somatic
* autonomic
163
somatic peripheral nervous system
- voluntary muscular activity
| - involves skeletal muscles
164
autonomic peripheral nervous system
- involuntary muscular activity
- involves smooth and cardiac muscles
* sympathetic
* parasympathetic
165
sympathetic nervous system
- fight or flight
- coordinates muscle activity
- arousal responses
- HR increase, sweating, pupil dilation, etc
166
parasympathetic nervous system
- relaxation
- digestion
- mucus processing
167
antagonists
- sympathetic and parasympathetic
- can't have both working at once
- crank up sympathetic -> suppress para
168
crystal meth vs. Sudafed
differences in intended and side affects
169
intended effect meth
excite sympathetic nervous system
170
side effect meth
suppress parasympathetic nervous system
171
intended effect Sudafed (psuedo-epinephrine)
suppress parasympathetic
| *reason why helps cold (suppresses mucus processing)
172
side effect Sudafed
excite sympathetic nervous system
173
why bad teeth with meth
1. ) drink Mountain Dew- need something light colored b/c digestive system suppressed
2. ) lack of saliva- digestive system suppressed
3. ) don't brush often
174
meninges
layers of tissue protecting brain
175
dura mater
- outermost layer of meninges
- hard
- smoothes rough edges of skull
176
pia mater
- meninge layer closest to brain
| - caresses gyri and fissures of brain
177
arachnoid membrane
- between dura and pia mater
| - looks like webbing
178
arachnoid space
- between pia and arachnoid membrane
| - filled with cerebrospinal fluid
179
cerebrospinal fluid
blood- dissolved components lacking cellular materials (plasma, solutes, etc)
180
where does cerebral spinal fluid come from
- capillaries proximal to ventricles leak
| - ventricle walls allow passage of everything in blood besides cellular components (strips out)
181
ventricle
- fluid filled "container"
| - system of 4 ventricles carry CSF throughout brain and spine
182
Role of CSF
1. ) cushion brain
2. ) maintain ion balances
3. ) identify toxin presence
* possible b/c ventricles are next to hypothalamus
183
hydrocephalus
- water on the brain
- occurs when CSF is blocked from making way out of ventricles down spine
- less common today b/c of surgical advances
184
astrocyte foot processes
- surround brain capillaries
| - very impermeable and only really small particles (O2) can pass between astrocytes
185
blood brain barrier
-glial cell barrier between brain and capillaries
186
what can penetrate through BBB
- non cellular components
- small components
- uncharged components
- fat-soluble substances
187
why fat soluble toxins can get through BBB
-membrane of astrocytes is made of lipids
| Ex: THC (marijuana)
188
Why do we have BBB
prevent flow of pathogens and chemical insults into brain
189
how does glucose get to brain
- active transport b/c insulin doesn't work (glucose and insulin are too big)
* brain can only run on glucose
190
brain needs
1. ) protection- meninges, BBB, ventricle walls
| 2. ) nutrients- brought via CSF
191
what ventricle walls permeable to
-any molecule that is not cellular- doesn't matter the size or charge
192
why is brain finicky
it can't regenerate neurons, so exposure to pathogens and toxins is detrimental
193
benefits of leaky ventricles
1. ) glucose levels fall -> hunger
2. ) Na+ level increase -> seek water
3. ) presence of toxin -> vomit
194
commisures
neural structures that connect left and right hemispheres of brain
195
hindbrain
- back of brain
- cerebellum
- brainstem
196
cerebellum
- has more neurons than rest of brain
| - associated with fine motor control (sensitive to alcohol)
197
brainstem
- medulla
| - pons
198
medulla
- majority of brain stem
| - reflexes- breathing, HR, digestion, gag
199
pons
- top of brainstem
| - where neural connection cross hemispheres
200
forebrain
- cerebral cortex- 4 lobes
| - sub-cortical systems
201
4 lobes of brain
- temporal
- occipital
- parietal
- frontal
202
subcortical systems
- limbic system
| - basal ganglia
203
basal ganglia
cells at bottom of brain
204
limbic system
amygdala
hippocampus
olfactory bulb
*activation/inactivation of one causes all to respond similarly
205
amygdala
- emotional arousal and fear
| - sensitive to alcohol- why alcohol reduces anxiety
206
hippocampus
short term memory to long term
207
olfactory bulb
emotional memories
smell
anosmia and suicidality
208
Why are amygdala, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb in same system
- if you fire up one part or limbic, it tends to fire up other parts (same if turn down)
- retention (hippocampus) of emotion related memories (amygdala)
- associate smell (olfactory) w/ memories (hip)
209
anosmia
- can't smell
| - can be devastating b/c can't fire up amygdala -> emotionally blunted
210
taste aversion
-smell of food that made you sick is remembered and causes food aversion
211
order of neural processing
dendrite -> soma -> axon
212
terminal button
- swelling at end of axon
| - just before synaptic cleft
213
chemical signal transmission
-transmission BETWEEN different neurons
214
electrical signal transmission
-signal WITHIN a neuron
215
bowhunting parable
- gamey meet- stress hormones in muscle
- bowhunter is mounted "at rest"- preparation, so ready to shoot at any minutes
- resting potential is a cell ready to signal quickly
- cost/benefit of remaining "flexed"
216
cost/benefit of resting potential
- cost- expenditure of energy
| - benefit- split second timing (readiness)
217
Sisyphus
cell can trade potential energy for kinetic energy- can make things move (Na, K, etc)
218
every cycle of sodium potassium pump
- 3 Na+ out
| - 2 K+ in
219
what form of potential energy available in neuron
1. ) chemical potential energy
| 2. ) electrical potential energy
220
chemical gradient
- concentration gradient
- has potential energy (can trade for KE)
- has directionality
221
why is inside negative relative to outside
-3 + charges leave cell, while only 2 + are brought in
222
concentration gradient K+
pushes K+ outside b/c less outside
223
electrical gradient K+
pushes K+ inside b/c attracted to negative (same applies for Na+)
224
Na+ attraction into cell
concentration and electrical gradient both inward (concentration K+ is out; electrical is in
225
what aspect generates electrical gradient
- 3 Na+ out
| - 2 K+ in
226
massive doses of K+ is lethal b/c it tends to
reverses concentration gradient of K+
* K+ accumulates inside cell and K+ electrochemical gradient diminishes, which eliminates Na+ electrochemical gradient
* cell can no longer signal
227
Hodgkin and Huxley
- squid axon (giant axon)
- not myelinated- can't send signals w/o having large diameter
- concluded hyper/depolarization
228
increase voltage
- Na+ channels open (influx)
- inside becomes positively charged, so electrical gradient K+ pushes out w/ K+ concentration gradient (efflux)
- Na+ channels close (K+ still going out)
- potential falls past RMP
- K+ channels close
- Na+/K+ pump restores to RMP
229
when to Na+ and K+ channels close
- Na+ at top of peak
| - K+ before refractory period (can't open any channels)
230
all-or-none principle
- all APs are identical
| - refractory period between APs
231
dendrites
- Na+ and Cl- channels
- signals are post-synaptic potentials
- activated by chemical stimulus
- not all or none- decremental transmission
- not amplified
- no refractory
232
axons
- have Na+ and K+ channels
- signals are action potentials
- activated by electrical stimulus
- all or none
- amplified
- have refractory period
233
somatic integration
Does ΣEPSP-ΣIPSP exceed activation threshold; if so AP fired
234
switch
- switch is binary (all or nothing) so can be used to describe AP
- graded potentials are like dimmer switches
235
supra-threshold
above threshold
236
what returns cell back to RP
sodium potassium potential
237
parable of telegraph relay station
- every wire loses signal strength with distance (decremental)
- receive signal and send to next station (amplify signal)
- output signal is same strength as input signal b/c was amplified
- how the axon works- myelin amplifies
238
myelin
-sheaths surround axon serving to amplify signals
239
Node of Ranvier
- nodes between myelin sheaths on axon
| - where Na+ can enter axon
240
as distance from the source increases
signal strength decreases
241
Na+ diffuses passively in both directions, what causes AP to go in one direction
- absolute refractory period and inactivation of Na+ channels forces AP to travel in one direction
- no action potential is possible even with applied extracellular depolarization
- due to Na+ channels having an inactivation gate on them
* absolute refractory period of previous action potential prevents generation of a second action potential in the reverse direction
242
saltatory conduction
- propagation of AP along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next
- increases velocity of AP w/o having to increase diameter
* active transmission along axon
243
induce charge at 2 different axon locations
- Na+ channels open
- Na goes in both directions from each electrode
- APs between electrodes fizzle upon meeting
244
Why are IPSP and EPSPs considered to be decrementally transmitted, but AP are not
- IPSPs and EPSPs are passive
| - action potentials are active
245
Are ion channels distributed evenly along axon
- no ion channels under myelin
| - ion channels are in between myelin sheaths
246
multiple sclerosis
- immune system attacks myelin cells
- neuron becomes de-myelinated
- no myelin to keep Na+ from escaping, so leaks out
- signal strength falls off dramatically
247
exocytosis
- vesicles in terminal button dumped out of cell into synapse
- passively diffuse across synapse
- when get to post-synaptic membrane, bind to receptors, opening chemically activated Na+/Cl- ion channels
248
excitatory neurotransmitters
- associated with Na+ channels
- dopamine (binding site on Na+ channel), glutamate, serotonin
- turns voltage up
249
inhibitory neurotransmitters
- associated with Cl- channels
- alcohol, barbiturates, GABA (receptors on Cl- channels)
- turns voltage down
250
ACh
- first neurotransmitter discovered
- acts inside and outside of brain
- makes muscle contract
251
Otto Loewi
- trying to figure out if neurons communicate electrically or chemically
- stimulates vagus nerve (associated w/ parasympathetic)
- discovers chemical communication- later discovered as ACh
252
neromuscular junction
- gap between neurons
- like a synapse
- neurotransmitters passed across
253
motor neuron
- dumps tons ACh into neuromusclular junction
| - then dumps AChE- metabolizes ACh (no longer active)
254
Sarin
- nerve gas
- blocks ACh esterase
- ACh not degraded at neuromuscular junction
- muscle fiber becomes refractory and stops contracting (paralysis)
- diaphragm can't contract -> death
- indirect agonist- inhibits degradation
255
antiperspirant vs. deodorant
- deodorant just masks smell
| - antiperspirant- alters function (drug)
256
drug
- alters function in small doses
- exogenous- externally generated
- neurotransmitters aren't drugs
257
Synaptic processes
1. ) release
2. ) binding
3. ) deactivation- reuptake/enzymatic degradation
258
psychoactive drugs
- influence a synaptic process
| - Cocaine- encourages release of dopamine => lots of AP
259
direct agonist
- neurotransmitter mimic that binds and activates receptor
- looks like nt so can bind to active site and activate channel
- Ex: LSD looks like serotonin so binds to majority of serotonin receptors
260
antagonist
- prevents release of neurotransmitter
- competitive binding
- cannabinoids and haldol
261
agonist
helps or enhances effect of neurotransmitter
262
morphine
-direct agonist to endogenous morphine (endorphins)
263
cannabinoids
- represses release of neurotransmitters in brain
| - Ex: anandamide- breaks connects with memory in brain
264
SSRI
- selective serotonin re uptake inhibitors
- Prozac, Zoloft
- allows for more serotonin in synapse -> less depressed
- indirect agonist
265
cocaine and amphetamine
- dopamine agonists (indirect)
| - enhance release of dopamine
266
GABA
- inhibitory nt
- binds to Cl- channel
- Cl influx hyperpolarizes cell
* most depressants are GABA indirect agonists
267
depressants
- indirect GABA agonists
- ethanol
- benzodiazepine
- barbiturate
- neurosteroids
* bind to the receptor, but don't activate it
268
indirect agonist
- enhances release of neurotransmitter, but doesn't bind to receptor or binds to receptor, but doesn't activate
- blocks transporter- cocaine
- blocks reputable- SSRI
- inhibits clearance- sarin
269
dopamine
-opens Na+ channels
270
Haldol
- depressant, but doesn't have to do with GABA
- antagonist of dopamine
- competitive binding- binds to dopamine receptors, but doesn't activate, and stuck there
271
homeostasis
- maintaining balance
| - keep good stuff inside and bad stuff out
272
excess of dopamine in synapse
- cranks up AP in postsynaptic neuron
- result of taking cocaine
- lots of autoactivation -> presynaptic neuron tells soma to turn off dopamine activation
273
autoactivation sites
- presynaptic binding site for neurotransmitter
- discourage manufacture and release of neurotransmitters
* negative feedback inhibition
274
effect of post-synaptic potentials
-activate action potential
275
withdrawal and cocaine
- dopamine levels crash as a result of autoinactivation
| - feel depressed and need more cocaine
276
drugs that influence nt release
- Cannabinoids
| - antagonist
277
drugs that influence nt reuptake
-Prozac (SSRIs)
278
drugs that influence nt binding
- LSD (direct agonist)
| - haldol-antagonist
279
drugs that influence enzymatic degradation
- Indirect agonist
| - sarin
280
drugs that competetively bind
- haldol
| - antagonist
281
if you were to administer amphetamine and haldol at the same time, how would the subject feel
3 possibilities
- feel turned up (amphetamine- stimulant)
- feel turned down (haldol- depressant)
- in the middle
* feel like just took haldol b/c haldol binds and sticks w/o activating receptor- prevents dopamine from binding
