Exam #3 Vocab Flashcards
biological evolution
change in the intrinsic qualities of life over time
microevolution
change in genetics of population
macroevolution
specification and change among species
mutation
random change in DNA; random source of new variations
gene flow
movement of individuals (alleles) among populations, redistributes variations
non-random mating
breeding non-randomly; includes outbreeding or inbreeding
genetic drift
randomly reduces variations due to inheritance or catastrophe (more in small populations)
natural selection
genetic differences in the environment cause individual reproductive differences
adaptation
characteristic or combination of characteristics present in same or all members of a population due to natural selection
artificial selection
natural selection due to human choice
sexual selection
natural selection due to mate choice
adaptive trade-off
inherited characteristics improve reproduction in one environment, but reduces it another
fitness
relative contribution of an individual to the next generation
genotype
an organism’s alleles same 2 alleles (homozygotes)
heterozygote
2 different alleles
phenotype
an organism’s characteristic
genotype frequency
the percent of individuals in a population with a genotype
allele frequency
the percent of a single allele among all alleles for a single gene in a population
hardy-Weinberg theorem
the equation that predicts genotypes in a population when it is not evolving
phylogeny
depicts shared evolutionary ancestry among species
monophyletic group
an ancestor and all of its descendants or everything an ancestor becomes
derived trait
newly evolved characteristic: evidence of shared ancestry
ancestral trait
the trait that changed to a derived trait; not evidence of ancestry
outgroup
species outside the group studied; assumed the trait in the outgroup is ancestral
classification
inclusive hierarchy
species
an evolutionary lineage separate from other lineages
speciation
formation of new species; reproductive isolation splits an ancestral species
allopatric speciation
geographic separation
sympatric speciation
groups in the same geographic area reproductively separate
coccus
spherical
baillus
rod shaped
helical
curved or twisted
diplo
in twos
staphylo
in clumps
strepto
in chains
filament
very long chain 1 cell think