Exam 3 Week 13 ppt 2 ANS components

Question 1

______ division is sympathetic

Answer 1

thoracolumbar

Question 2

where is the thoracolumbar division located

Answer 2

its CNS effector “pre-ganglionic” neurons located in lateral horn (intermediolateral cell column) of thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord

Question 3

the sympathetic paravertebral ganglia is (close/far) from the vertebra

Answer 3

~ganglia are located either immediately lateral to the spinal cord and vertebral column paravertebral ganglia or some distance from the spinal cord prevertebral ganglia
~very short pre-ganglionic axons and very long post-ganglionic axons.

Question 4

what is the sympathetic paravertebral ganglia

Answer 4

sympathetic trunk and include the 3 cervical ganglia

Question 5

what is the sympathetic prevertebral ganglia

Answer 5

celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia

Question 6

Are there many convergence and/or divergence btw the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?

Answer 6

~Great deal of convergence and divergence between pre-ganglionic and postganglionic neurons
~Divergence dominates with ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic fibers 1:10–1:196 so with between 10 and 200 ganglion cells innervated by a single pre-ganglionic neuron

Question 7

Sympathetic preganglionic releases

Answer 7

preganglionic neurons have ACh released at their terminals

Question 8

Sympathetic postganglionic releases

Answer 8

NE released at postganglionic terminal on the target tissue

Question 9

Sympathetic adrenal medulla releases

Answer 9

~specialized sympathetic ganglion that instead of releasing NE as a transmitter it releases Epinephrine and NE as hormones into the blood (instead of to another nerve)

Question 10

______ division is parasympathetic

Answer 10

craniosacral division

Question 11

the parasympathetic ganglia is (close/far) from the vertebra

Answer 11

ganglia are located close to the target organ they innervate so there are very long pre-ganglionic fibers and short post-ganglionic fivers

Question 12

what is the craniosacral division of the parasympathetic division located?

Answer 12

~cranial nerve nuclei (remember Edinger-Westphal nucleus, superior and Inferior salivatory nuclei, Dorsal Motor Nucleus of X)
~sacral spinal cord segments (S2-S4) intermediate cell column

Question 13

Are there many convergence and/or divergence btw the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic division?

Answer 13

~very little divergence and convergence

~Ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic fibers 1:3 – very little divergence

Question 14

Parasympathetic division- where do preganglionic axons end? (more specific)

Answer 14

~Terminal ganglia within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder and erectile tissues
~Ciliary ganglion
~Otic ganglion
~Ptergopalatine ganglion
~Submandibular ganglion

Question 15

what NT is released in the parasympathetic system?

Answer 15

ACh released at preganglionic and post-ganglionic terminals in the parasympathetic division

Question 16

Autonomic afferents Originate mostly from ____ receptors (and where)

Also, how do these afferents reach the spinal cord and brainstem?

Answer 16

~Autonomic afferents originate mostly from unencapsulated and encapsulated receptors in the viscera and walls of blood vessels
~afferents from the thoracic and abdominal viscera reach spinal cord via the sympathetic trunks and reach the brainstem via the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves

Question 17

autonomic afferents from the thoracic travel..

Answer 17

From the thoracic viscera afferents travel to the sympathetic trunk in the cardiac and pulmonary nerves

Question 18

autonomic afferents from the abdominal travel..

Answer 18

From the abdominal viscera afferents travel to the sympathetic trunk in the splanchnic nerves

Question 19

autonomic afferents from the pelvic travel..

Answer 19

From the pelvic viscera afferents travel to the sympathetic trunk in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves

Question 20

visceral sensation (how does it feel)

Answer 20

Vague, poorly localized, and affective visceral sensations

Question 21

examples of visceral sensation

Answer 21

Hunger, heartburn, nausea

Question 22

visceral sensation- describe how there is feeling

Answer 22

~Visceral organs insensitive to ordinary mechanical and thermal stimuli
~mechanoreceptors-sensitive to distensions
~chemoreceptors- sensitive to a variety of chemical substances
~Both can trigger visceral local or long-loop reflexes
~Sudden or large magnitude distensions and spasms of muscular walls of viscera or decreased blood supply to the viscera may cause severe pain

Question 23

what type of fibers for visceral

Answer 23

“C” fiber afferents

~burning and pressure sensations are the most common symptoms

Question 24

Higher level control of the autonomic nervous system comes from the ______

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

What three regions do Hypothalamic descending supra-spinal projections go to?

Answer 25

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the following regions: 1. to T1-L2 via hypo-thalamospinal tract 2. to S2-S4 3. brainstem nuclei: (Edinger-Westphal nucleus, Dorsal motor nucleus of X, and Salivatory nuclei)

Question 26

Hypothalamic descending supra-spinal projections to: Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to T1-L2 travel in what tract?

Answer 26

hypo-thalamospinal tract

Question 27

Hypothalamic descending supra-spinal projections to Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the brainstem. Name three brainstem nuclei:

Answer 27

Edinger-Westphal nucleus Dorsal motor nucleus of X Salivatory nuclei

Question 28

General functions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 28

regulate and control visceral activities that maintain a stable internal environment in response to changing internal conditions and external stresses

Question 29

Sympathetic system's functions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 29

generally catabolic, prepares for “fight or flight”

Question 30

Parasympathetic functions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 30

~anabolic, conserves energy, and promotes the maintenance, and restoration of bodily reserves ~nicknamed either “feed and breed” or “rest and digest

Question 31

ANS: Heart and BP sympathetic function

Answer 31

~increase heart rate ~increase contractility ~increase blood pressure

Question 32

ANS: Heart and BP parasympathetic function

Answer 32

~decrease heart rate | ~decrease blood pressure

Question 33

ANS: vascular sympathetic function

Answer 33

~vasodilation (cholinergic) muscle ~vasoconstriction (adrenergic) muscle ~vasoconstriction most other beds

Question 34

ANS: vascular parasympathetic function

Answer 34

no effect

Question 35

ANS: lung sympathetic function

Answer 35

bronchiolar dilation

Question 36

ANS: lung parasympathetic function

Answer 36

bronchiolar constriction

Question 37

ANS: metabolic/ blood sympathetic function

Answer 37

``` ~increase serum glucose ~increase glycogenolysis ~increase serum lipids ~increase lipolysis ~increase coagulation ```

Question 38

ANS: metabolic/blood parasympathetic function

Answer 38

no effects except slight glycogen synthesis

Question 39

ANS: GI sympathetic function

Answer 39

~decrease salivation ~decrease peristalsis ~increase sphincter tone

Question 40

ANS: GI parasympathetic function

Answer 40

~increase salivation ~increase peristalsis ~decrease sphincter tone

Question 41

ANS: urinary system sympathetic function

Answer 41

~detrusor relaxation (slight) | ~trigone (internal sphincter) contraction

Question 42

ANS: urinary system parasympathetic function

Answer 42

~detrusor contraction | ~trigone (internal sphincter) relaxation

Question 43

ANS: sexual response sympathetic function

Answer 43

male- ejaculation

Question 44

ANS: sexual response parasympathetic function

Answer 44

~male- erection | ~female- clitoral engorgement, vaginal lubrication

Question 45

What are four parasympathetic division cranial nerve ganglia that preganglionic axons end in?

Answer 45

Ciliary ganglion (behind eye orbit) Otic ganglion Ptergopalatine ganglion Submandibular ganglion