Exam 1 NS Design

Question 1

three thing to consider in the basic design of the adult nervous system

Answer 1

~Cells of the Nervous System
~Divisions of the Nervous System
~Organizing Principles

Question 2

two types of cells in the nervous system

Answer 2

~Neurons

~Neuroglia

Question 3

Neurons have _ parts:

Answer 3

3

Cell body, dendrites, single axon

Question 4

Neurons can also be called

Answer 4

Nerve cell

~is the principal cell of the nervous system

Question 5

Cell bodies are

Answer 5

~the central part of the neuron

~where the electrical integration occurs

Question 6

Dendrites are

Answer 6

~there any many highly branching dendrites

~forms the input into the cell body

Question 7

Axons are

Answer 7

~the part that connects to the other neurons through a synapse

Question 8

Neuroglia are also called

Answer 8

supporting cells

Question 9

Neuroglia (details)

Answer 9

~come in several forms

~have many different functions (the formation of myelin)

Question 10

Communication between Neurons is possible because of

Answer 10

synapses

Question 11

Synapses form

Answer 11

the connection between neurons and between neuron and the cells of other tissues

Question 12

Synapses are composed of

Answer 12

~a presynaptic neuron whose membrane contains neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles
~membranes of a postsynaptic neuron

Question 13

Neurotransmitters

Answer 13

~are released from the presynaptic membrane and diffuse through the synaptic cleft to act on receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
~binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor produces electrical charges- action potentials

Question 14

Anatomically, the nervous system is divided into

Answer 14

CNS and PNS

Question 15

Anatomically, the CNS is divided into

Answer 15

Brain and spinal cord

Question 16

Anatomically, the PNS is divided into

Answer 16

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Question 17

How many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 17

31 paired

Question 18

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 18

12 paired

Question 19

Functionally, the nervous system divided is divided into

Answer 19

somatic and autonomic

Question 20

Somatic (details)

Answer 20

~innervates the skin

~voluntary muscles of the body wall and limbs

Question 21

Autonomic (details)

Answer 21

~innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue

Question 22

The Autonomic is divided into

Answer 22

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 23

Organizing Principles of Nervous System (6)

Answer 23

~Regions
~Connective tissue membranes
~Ventricles
~Directions and planes
~White and gray matter
~Fiber organization

Question 24

Regions of the Brain (4)

Answer 24

~Cerebrum
~Diencephalon
~Cerebellum
~Brainstem

Question 25

The cerebrum is composed of ______ and can be divided of (2)

Answer 25

~composed of 2 cerebral hemispheres | ~divided into the superficial cerebral cortex and the deeper basal ganglia

Question 26

The diencephalon is located

Answer 26

deep within the cerebrum

Question 27

The diencephalon is composed of

Answer 27

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 28

The brainstem is composted of (3)

Answer 28

~upper midbrain ~middle pons ~lower medulla

Question 29

what is another name for upper midbrain?

Answer 29

mesencephalon

Question 30

The cerebellum is located

Answer 30

along the dorsal aspect of the brainstem

Question 31

The layers of connective tissues that surround the CNS are (3)

Answer 31

~Dura mater ~Arachnoid mater ~Pia mater

Question 32

Dura mater (details)

Answer 32

the tough outer layer

Question 33

Arachnoid mater (details)

Answer 33

the weblike middle layer

Question 34

Pia mater (details)

Answer 34

the thin inner layer which hugs the brain and spinal cord tissue

Question 35

Subarachnoid space (details)

Answer 35

~between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater | ~filled with fluid called cerebrospinal fluid

Question 36

Ventricles (how many)

Answer 36

There are 4 cavities in the brain. ~2 lateral ventricles (left and right) which project into each cerebral hemispheres ~3rd ventricle between the thalami which separates the two thalami ~4th ventricle in the dorsum of the brainstem, between the brainstem and the cerebellum

Question 37

Ventricles (connections)

Answer 37

~2 interventricular foramena- connecting the lateral to the 3rd ventricle ~cerebral aqueduct- connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

Question 38

Ventricle (function)

Answer 38

~filled with CSF, which communicates between the ventricles and between the 4th ventricle and the subarachnoid space ~also communicates with the fluid in the extracellular space of the brain and spinal cord ~involved in eliminating waste products ~providing electrolytes of the extracellular ~limited extent- nutrition to CNS

Question 39

Three basic patterns of transverse sections

Answer 39

~Frontal or coronal ~Sagittal (mid sagittal or parasagittal) ~Horizontal *oblique is between the planes

Question 40

Why is directional terminology different from cerebrum and spinal cord?

Answer 40

~the human brain is on the neural axis, which is bent in transition between the brainstem and cerebrum

Question 41

What are the directional terminology for the spinal cord?

Answer 41

~rostral or superior ~caudal or inferior ~ventral or anterior ~dorsal or posterior

Question 42

What are the directional terminology for the cerebrum?

Answer 42

~Rostral or anterior or frontal ~Caudal or posterior or occipital ~Dorsal or superior ~Ventral or inferior

Question 43

Gray Matter

Answer 43

~composed of neuron cell bodies and dendritic field ~in cerebrum and cerebellum, found both along the outside and deep within these structures ~in spinal cord, located only deep within ~in brainstem, located throughout and is intermixes with white matter

Question 44

Gray matter- cortex

Answer 44

outer rim of the cortex

Question 45

Gray matter- nucleus

Answer 45

~deep gray matter; group of cell bodies | ~sometimes called gray or cell columns

Question 46

Gray matter- ganglia

Answer 46

groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Question 47

Basal Ganglion

Answer 47

basal nuclei of the cerebrum

Question 48

White matter

Answer 48

~surrounds the deep gray matter | ~composed of groups of myelinated axons

Question 49

White matter- tracts

Answer 49

a collection of axon within the CNS with the same termination and function

Question 50

Other types of white matter

Answer 50

~white columns, peduncles, pyramids, fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus or capsule ~cerebral peduncle, internal capsule, dorsal white columns, the pyramids or the medulla and the lateral funiculus

Question 51

Commissure

Answer 51

Axons that cross midline from one area of CNS to the equivalent area on the opposite side

Question 52

Decussation

Answer 52

Axons that cross midline from one area of the CNS to a different area on the opposite side

Question 53

Afferent

Answer 53

~towards the center | ~sensory input into the CNS and alternatively fibers going towards a nuclear area

Question 54

Efferent

Answer 54

~outward from the center | ~motor fibers leaving the CNS and alternatively fibers leaving a nuclear area