Exam 4

Question 1

Autocrine

Answer 1

self cell signaling

Question 2

Paracrine

Answer 2

close cell signaling

Question 3

Endorine

Answer 3

further cell signaling (bloodstream)

Question 4

Sensor

Answer 4

Histidine Protein Kinase

Question 5

Effector

Answer 5

Response regulator Aspartic acid protein kinase

Question 6

Kinase

Answer 6

protein which can transfer a phosphate anion to another protein.

Question 7

Phsophatase

Answer 7

proteins which remove phosphate from another protein.

Question 8

Quorum Sensing

Answer 8

density dependent bacteria signaling, sends out autoinducer which migrates back into the bacteria.
outside sensing of bacteria concentration

Question 9

Auto Inducer

Answer 9

signaling molecules thar are produced in responce to changes in cell-population density.

Question 10

cAMP

Answer 10

secondary messenger in beta-adrenergic receptor.

Question 11

Mitogen

Answer 11

small bioactive protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division or enhances the rate division (mitosis)

Question 12

Half life

Question 13

DAG

Answer 13

PIP2 and water bind to DAG. it paired with IP3 turn off glycogen synthesis

Question 14

G-Protein coupled receptor

Answer 14

beta-adrenergic receptor starts signaling. Gby binds to bARK which works with PKA to phosphorylate the GPCR cytoplasmic tail. This can now be internalized and either degraded in the lysosome or recycled into the plasma membrane.

Question 15

G-protein

Answer 15

Heterotrimeric: Gaby.
G alpha contain built-in GTPase activity
Gby remain associated

Question 16

Arrestin

Answer 16

binds to inhibit further signal transduction. binds to the phosphorylated GPCR cytoplasmic tail. this complex in internalized by endocytic vesicles in the cytoplasm. It the dissociates and can rebuild another GPCR.

Question 17

Adenylyl cyclase

Answer 17

membrane protein that takes signal from Galpha to make cAMP

Question 18

beta- adrenergic receptor

Answer 18

start of the GPCR signaling. Ligand in epinephrine binds releasing Gby.

Question 19

Phosphatidylinositol

Answer 19

1. is phosphorylated to make PI(4,5) P2
2. PI specific phospholipase cleaves the phosphorylated inositol form the lipid producing 2 secondary messengers: cIP3 and membrane bound diacyl glycerol
3. IP3 is ligand for Ca2+ on smooth ER, causing Ca2+ release
4. DAG can activate protein kinase C which is a serine-threonine kinase

Question 19

Inositol Triphosphate

Answer 19

secondary messenger made from PI specific phospholipase, is ligand for Ca2+ release in smooth ER

Question 20

Protein kinase C

Answer 20

a serine-threonine kinase made from from DAG activating it.

Question 21

Phospholipase

Question 22

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Answer 22

receptors which auto-phosphorylate and pass signal to cell effector.

Question 23

MAP

Answer 23

Mitogen Activated Protein
activated my Raf which is activated by Ras.
phosphorylation kinase cascade.

Question 24

Auto-phosphorylation

Answer 24

Occurs in insulin receptor which after auto-phosphorylation phosphorylates Shc which binds to GRB2 assisting with SOS binding to Ras.

Question 25

Receptor Tyrosine Linked Kinase

Answer 25

receptors which lack kinase activity. These receptors rely on another molecule to phosphorylate and pass the signal to the cell effector.

Question 26

Ras

Answer 26

inactive when GDP bound active when GTP bound inhibited by GDI mediated by GEF on and GAP off activate Raf which activates MAP

Question 27

Guanine dissociation inhibitor

Answer 27

inhibits conversion of GDP to GTP in Ras

Question 28

GTPase activating protein

Answer 28

GAP- mediates GTP to GDP

Question 29

Guanine exchange factor

Answer 29

GEF- mediates GDP to GTP

Question 30

maturating promoting factor

Question 31

Ras Activated Factor`

Answer 31

activated by Ras. is MAPKK, initiates MAP

Question 32

Nuclear Receptor

Question 33

Response element

Question 34

Orphan Receptors

Question 35

Raloxifene-HCl

Answer 35

agonist in bone tissue for osteoporosis.

Question 36

SERM

Question 37

Tamoxifen/ Taxol

Question 38

Agonist

Answer 38

activate receptor signaling by mimicking the natural ligand

Question 39

Antagonist

Answer 39

Block the binding of physiological agonists without promoting structural changes needed for signal transduction

Question 40

Bleb

Question 41

Death Domain Receptor

Question 42

BCI-2

Question 43

Bax, Bad, Bak

Question 44

Procaspase

Question 45

Caspase

Question 46

Executioner Caspase

Question 47

Apoptosome

Question 48

APAF

Question 49

Caspase 8

Question 50

Caspase 9

Question 51

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Answer 51

ligand for receptor mediated- apoptosis pathway, activates death domains

Question 52

TNF receptor

Question 53

Adapter Death Domain

Question 54

Granzyme

Question 55

Perforin

Question 56

Caspase activated DNase

Question 57

Convergence

Answer 57

multiple signals come to the same effector, cell must base response on combination, timing, and strength of these signals

Question 58

Divergence

Answer 58

The same ligand may signal through different pathways based upon tissue type, receptor makeup, other signals

Question 59

Crosstalk

Answer 59

different signaling cascades and pathways communicate with one another so multiple responses may occur from one signaling event causing multiple downstream events involving other pathways.

Question 60

Cytochrome-C

Question 61

SOS

Question 62

GRB2

Question 63

Thyroid receptors

Answer 63

type 2 nuclear receptor

Question 64

Steroid receptors

Answer 64

type 1 nuclear receptors

Question 65

G1 phase

Answer 65

part of interphase, normal growth and division

Question 66

S phase

Answer 66

part of interphase, synthesis phase for DNA and chromosome duplication

Question 67

G2 phase

Answer 67

part of interphase, cell growth prior to mitosis, organelles replicate

Question 68

M phases

Answer 68

mitotic events: Prophase, Prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Question 69

Cyclin D

Answer 69

launch point to regulate G1 activity

Question 70

Cyclin A

Question 71

Cyclin B

Question 72

Cdk 4+6

Question 73

Cdk 2

Question 74

Cdk 1

Question 75

26-S Proteasome

Question 76

Temp. Sensitive Mutants

Question 77

Ubiquitin

Question 78

Ubiquitin Ligase

Answer 78

Anaphase Promoting Complex. adds polyubiquitin chain to cyclin.

Question 79

Destruction Box

Question 80

Polyubiquitin Isopeptidase

Answer 80

in cyclin degradation removes polyubiquitin chain and recycles it.

Question 81

p21

Question 82

p53

Question 83

MDM2

Question 84

Retino Blastoma