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Cell Bio > Exam 5 vocab > Flashcards

Exam 5 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Parent strand

A

provide a platform for complementary base pairing to form a new duplex.

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2
Q

template

A

The parent strands provide a platform for complementary base pairing to form a new duplex

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3
Q

daughter strand

A

Need dNTP to be synthesized. Is the copied strand.

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4
Q

DNAPol I

A

`prokaryotic removes and replaces the primer. remove RNA primers and replace with DNA.

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5
Q

DNAPol III

A

Prokaryotic major replication polymerase. synthesize DNA daughter strands

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6
Q

DNA Pol alpha

A

initiates replication by synthesizing the primer. aka primase. short DNA stretches on the RNA primer

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7
Q

DNA Pol beta

A

replaces nucleotide in DNA repair. (BER)

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8
Q

DNA Pol sigma

A

major replication polymerase lagging strand

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9
Q

DNA Pol epsilon

A

major replication polymerase leading strand.

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10
Q

Primer

A

short single stranded DNA or RNA with free 3’ OH group that allows linkage. required to start replication. RNA primers are the lagging strand start site.

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11
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds strands in DNA replication

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12
Q

RPA

A

(replication protein A) Is a protein that protect ssDNA and stem loops during DNA repair. eukaryotic

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13
Q

ssDNA BP

A

prevents stem loops. Prokaryotic

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14
Q

RFC

A

is the protein that enables PCNA to move onto the next okazaki fragment during polymerase exchange.

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15
Q

PCNA clamp

A

is loaded by replication factor C. coordinate travel of both polymerases into the fork during DNA replication

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16
Q

Primase

A

aka DNA Pol alpha. short handed DNA stretched on the RNA primer.

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17
Q

Topoisomerase

A

cleave and rejoin duplex.

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18
Q

Lap endonuclease

A
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19
Q

lagging strand

A

has synthetic direction away from the growing fork.

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20
Q

Leading strand

A

can be replicated continuously and polymerization of the new strand moves with the fork.

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21
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

joined together by DNA ligase

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22
Q

beta-clamp

A

after Okazaki fragments are synthesized, beta-clamp and DNA Pol III release DNA and relocate to the next primer location to synthesize the next Okazaki fragment.

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23
Q

Telomerase

A

enzyme that elongates telomeres at the lagging strand to provide a template. not expressed in somatic cells meaning shorter.

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24
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

telomerase reverse transcriptase is TERT. Is the process of synthesizing DNA from an RNA template.

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25
Methylguanine methyltransferase
MGMT. alkylating agents can add alkyl groups to the DNA. has 50% chance if base pairing with thymine during DNA replication
26
Thymine dimer
covalent bonding of adjacent thymines in the DNA. caused by UV radiation
27
Nucleotide excision repair
defect is noticed by the RNA polymerase during transcription. RNA polymerase stalls and CSB protein may recognize the lesion. XPB and XPD helicases separate the DNA strands. strand is nicked before and after defect by XPG and ERCC1. DNA Pol delta or epsilon fills in gap. DNA ligase joins new with old at gap. DNA adducts and lesions
28
base excision repair
specific damage to a particular base. 1. recognition by glycosylase 2. removal of base from sugar creates apyrimidinic or apurinic site. (where on DNA guanine has been removed from the sugar backbone) 3. APE endonuclease nick on phosphodiester bond 4. phosphodiesterase removes the deoxyribose sugar. 5. DNA pol beta adds the new nucleotide 6. last phosphodiester bond made by ligase. The altered base is caused by oxidative damage. the base is removed first then sugar. glycosylases are enzymes that can target and remove a single base.
29
Deamination
30
Thymine glycol
31
Thymine glycosylase
32
Uracil glycosylase
33
a-basic
34
a-purinic
35
a-pyrimidimic
36
endonuclease
37
exonucleasee
38
ligase
39
MMR
40
MutS
41
MutL
42
MutH
43
MSH2
44
MSH3
45
MSH6
46
MLH1
is the dimer that nicks the daughter strand in eukaryotic MMR.
47
PMS2
is the dimer that nicks the daughter strand in eukaryotic MMR.
48
IDL
49
Hemimethylation
50
Ku
51
MRE11-NBS1-Rad50
a trimer that coordinates with phosphorylated gamma H2AX
52
NHEJ repair
always result in a deletion mutation. Is rare in bacteria, yeast and drosophila.
53
Holliday junction
is the structure that a crosslink in the DNA duplex resembles.
54
Strand invasion
55
TERT
56
TERC
is the name of the RNA fragment wihtin the telomerase structure
57
Hayflick limit
58
Rad 51
is the protein that allows strand invasion during dsDNA break repair
59
Aneuploidy
60
Benign Tumor
non-invasive tumor. well differentiated.
61
Malignant Tumor (neoplasia)
invasive tumor (cancer) generally less differentiated or undifferentiated. do not carry out their "adult function" or may revert to fetal function. Can become hyperchromatic or sometimes multinucleated.
62
5-fluorouracil
63
emozolamide
64
Lomeguatrib
65
PAHs
66
Loss of heterozygosity
67
Heterogenetic
68
Hyperchromatic
is the characteristic feature that appears as when cancer are
69
Proto-oncogene
is a cancer protein class that DMM2 would be categorized as. Cyclins growth factors and receptors. produce proteins which function in some way to enhance cell growth and division. turning-on = supports tumor formation. only require 1 homolog mutation
70
Tumor suppressor gene
inhibitors. p21. Must have both copies of homologues mutated.
71
Metastasis
72
Anaplasia
lack of differentiation or poorly differentiated
73
Differentiation
extent to which parenchymal
74
Contact inhibition
75
pigenetic
76
Initiation
77
Promotion
78
Mutator phenptype
79
ROSs
80
Non-disjunction
Is the improper segregation oof chromosomes during mitosis.
81
Anagiogensis
82
Hypo/hyper methylation

Cell Bio (6 decks)

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