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Flashcards in Exam 4 Deck (42)
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1
Q

*film What shapes represent past populations? What is the current and future shape of populations?

A

Past populations: pyramid
Current: barrel shaped society, people living longer

2
Q

What happens when the elderly internalize negative stereotypes?

A

Cognition & physical health suffer

3
Q

Why is raising the age at which one is eligible to receive social security benefits problematic?

A

affects low income workers who’s jobs are physically draining and live shorter lives

4
Q

Candice Saunders comments on “brain drain” and how WellStar Health System addressed this problem

A

Brain drain: losing mastery and experienced workers
Accommodated over 200 unique schedules, invested in workplace flexibility

5
Q

Physical and sensory changes in early adulthood

A

• Physical development peaks in early adulthood. – (20’s and early 30’s) then declines
• Sensory sharpness peaks in early 20’s and then begins gradual decline in middle adulthood
– Visual acuity remains good
– Hearing decline beginning in late 20’s/early 30’s
• Both sexes may be graying and losing hair by end of early adulthood
• Skin may begin to loosen, grow less elastic, and wrinkle – More so in women than in men

6
Q

Stress management tips

A

• Get in touch with the ways you experience stress.
• Identify stressors such as people and situations.
• Get in touch with the way you handle or don’t handle stress.
• Work on creating better ways to cope with stress.
• Take care of your health.
• Obtain social support.

7
Q

Crystalized and fluid intelligence

A

• Improvements
– Retain verbal skills and may improve vocabulary and general knowledge as they age
– Crystallized intelligence increases with age
• Declines
– Memory shows general decline as we age
– Fluid intelligence more likely to decrease with age

8
Q

Perry’s theory of epistemic cognition (dualistic and relativistic thinking)

A

• Epistemic cognition
– Concerns our ideas about how we arrive at our beliefs, facts, and ideas
• Students typically begin college with the assumption that there is clearly right and wrong, good versus evil, etc.
– Dualistic thinking
• Students move from dualistic thinking to a deeper way of thinking
– Relativistic thinking

9
Q

Extrinsic and Intrinsic motives for work

A

• Extrinsic motives
– Money
– Fringe benefits
– Security
• Intrinsic motives
– The work ethic
– Self-fulfillment
– Self-worth
– Socialization
– Public roles

10
Q

Super’s 5 stages of career development

A

• Fantasy stage
– Involves child’s unrealistic conception of self-potential and of the world of work
– Dominates until age 11
• Tentative choice stage: exploring
– From age 11 to 17, focus is on some realistic self- assessment and knowledge of occupations
– Based on interests, abilities, limitations, and glamour
• Realistic choice stage
– After age 17, choices narrow as student weighs job requirements and rewards against interests, abilities, and values
• Maintenance stage
– In later 30’s - settle into career role
– Career continues to develop, and there is a feeling of moving forward
– Job hopping more necessary due to corporate downsizing, mergers, and acquisitions
– Return to school for different training
• may occur out of necessity as well as interest
• Retirement stage
– Individual severs bonds
with the workplace
– retirees often undertake
second or third careers

11
Q

Individuation in young adulthood

A

• Young adults go through a process of becoming an individual - individuation
– involves integrating their own values and beliefs with those of their parents and society

12
Q

Erikson’s intimacy vs. isolation

A

• Erikson (1963) saw establishment of intimate relationships key “crisis” of early adulthood
• Young adults with firm identity seek to fuse relationships into marriage or abiding friendships.
• Erikson believed it is difficult to commit to others until ego identity is achieved.
• Erikson believed it was normal to develop intimate relationships and bear children within a generally stable and nurturing environment during early adulthood.

13
Q

Attraction – Elliot & Niesta (2008), Attraction similarity hypothesis

A

• People develop romantic relationships with others who are similar to themselves in attractiveness and other traits

14
Q

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

A

– 1) Intimacy
– 2) Passion
– 3) Commitment

15
Q

Marriage, Parenthood, and Divorce

A

Marriage
– Legitimizes sexual relations
– Provides institution where children can be supported/socialized
– Can assume children had within the marriage are theirs
– Provides sense of security and opportunities to share feelings, experiences
Parenthood
• People in traditional societies report having children to
– strengthen marital bonds
– provide social security
– assist with labor (more hands to help on a farm)
– maintain family lineage; secure property rights and inheritance
– care for one in old age
• Divorce rates in U.S. between 40% and 50%
• Tends to affect women more than men. – Women’s household income drops by 24% – Men’s household income drops by 6%

16
Q

Physical and sensory changes in middle adulthood

A

• Gray hair occurs due to the decrease of melanin. – Hair loss accelerates, especially in men
• Sensory functioning
– Vision - presbyopia(ability to focus)
• Reaction time
– Increases as we age due to changes in nervous system
• Lung capacity
– May decline by half between early and late adulthood

17
Q

Cancer and heart disease

A

• Screening for prostate, breast, colon, and rectal cancer necessary during middle adulthood.
Heart disease
– Second leading cause of death in middle adulthood
– Leading cause of death in late adulthood
• Heart disease is due to insufficient flow of blood to the heart
– Most commonly results from arteriosclerosis(arteries clog or harden)
• Impairs circulation and increases risk of a blood clot, choking off blood flow
– Most common form - atherosclerosis

18
Q

Sexuality, Sex hormones and fertility

A

-most lead rich sex lives
-gradual decline in frequency of sex
• Most common problem of women is
– lack of sexual desire and difficulty becoming sexually aroused
• Most common problem of men is
– erectile dysfunction
• For women, middle adulthood marked by changes in reproductive capacity
– Climacteric
– Perimenopause
– Menopause
• For men, a decline in male sex hormone production and fertility also occurs
– Very gradual process
-no age range men can stop having children

19
Q

Changes in intellectual abilities (multidirectionality, interindividual variability, plasticity)

A

Multidirectionality: patterns of change in abilities
Interindividual variability: No two people age in the same way or at the same rate
Plasticity: brains ability to change with learning

20
Q

Crystallized and Fluid intelligence in middle adulthood

A

• Crystallized intelligence
– Cluster of knowledge and skills
• Depends on
– accumulated information and experience
– awareness of social conventions
– capacity to make good decisions and judgments
– Increases in middle adulthood
• Fluid intelligence
– Skills/speed at processing/analyzing information
• Ability to comprehend relationships in visual stimuli
– Decreases in middle adulthood

21
Q

Memory

A

• As we age,we are less able to-
– keep information in working memory long enough to memorize it
– screen out distractions as we try to focus on material
• However, we are more likely to maintain or expand general knowledge
• Procedural memory can be maintained for a lifetime(riding a bike, driving, etc)

22
Q

Creativity

A

• Many people at their height of creativity during middle adulthood
• Age differences in creativity can be found in creative work in
– music, mathematics, and physics
• young adults surpass people in middle adulthood
• Writers and visual artists continue to improve into middle adulthood

23
Q

Erikson’s generativity vs. stagnation

A

• Generativity (giving back to community)
– ability to generate or produce; based on instinctual drive toward bearing and rearing children.
• Stagnation (lack of giving back)
– rejection of generativity drive can result in a life stripped of meaning and purpose

24
Q

Life-events approach to midlife

A

• Stressful life events in middle adulthood
• Another event at this time – children moving out

25
Q

Grandparenting

A

• Grandparents spend a lot of time with grandchildren in recreational and educational activities.
• Grandchildren spend more time with grandmothers than grandfathers all the way through adolescence.
• Grandchildren tend to be more involved with maternal grandparents than paternal grandparents.
• Grandparents have less influence on their grandchildren when they live with them.
involvement of grandmother has positive benefits
• Since 1970, number of U.S. households where grandchildren live with their grandparents has doubled
– Many positive benefits
• Number of grandparents raising grandchildren increasing
– Sometimes done without a parent present
• Skip-generation parent

26
Q

Sandwich generation

A

Care for own parents and children

27
Q

Longevity, Life expectancy, and ageism

A

Longevity: amount of time we can live under optimal conditions, can live up to 115
Life expectancy: • 77 years for men versus 82 years for women.
Ageism: mistreatment/misunderstanding of the elderly

28
Q

Physical and sensory changes in late adulthood

A

• Vision
– presbyopia
– cataracts and glaucoma
• Hearing
– Presbycusis(loss of acuteness in hearing)
– Affects 1 in 3 over 65 years
– Declines more quickly in men than women
• Taste and smell
– Decreases almost ninefold from youth to late adulthood

29
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bones lose so much density that they become porous, brittle, and prone to breakage
Approximately10 million people in the U.S. who are 50+ have osteoporosis of the hip (USDHHS, 2005)

30
Q

Sexuality in late adulthood

A

-do not lose sexuality
Sexual daydreaming, sex drive, and sexual activity all tend to decline with age
– but sexual satisfaction may remain high
EXCEPT
• Older people with partners usually remain sexually active.

31
Q

Normal and Pathological aging

A

– Normal aging(wear & tear)
– Pathological aging(chronic health conditions)

32
Q

Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

A

– Some causes of dementia
• brain infections - meningitis, HIV infection, and encephalitis
• chronic alcoholism, strokes, and tumors
• Most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
– As many as 5 million Americans affected (CDCP, 2014) – 5th leading killer of older Americans

33
Q

Restrospective and Prospective memory

A

• Retrospective and prospective memories
– Can be further divided -
– Explicit memory: mem you are aware of
• Episodic and semantic:things that have happened to you
– Implicit memory: mem you don’t have conscious knowledge of
• Automatic – task performance

34
Q

Erikson’s integrity vs. despair

A

– Basic challenge
- maintain belief that life is meaningful and worthwhile in the face of physical decline and the inevitability of death
– ego integrity derives from wisdom and acceptance of one’s lifespan as limited and occurring at a certain point in history
– adjustment in the later years requires wisdom to let go

35
Q

Depression

A

• About 10% of people aged 65 and above suffer depression
Possibly connected to: chemical imbalances, loss,
• Depression goes undetected, untreated in older people much of the time.

36
Q

Housing in late adulthood

A

• They prefer to remain in their homes as long as their physical/mental conditions allow them.
• Older adults reluctant to relocate to nursing homes
- signifies loss of independence.

37
Q

Elder abuse

A

Sometimes elderly are abused or neglected, particularly in nursing homes
-sometimes by family

38
Q

Successful aging

A

– Physical activity, social contacts, self-rated good health
– The absence of cognitive impairment and depression
– The absence of disabilities and chronic diseases such as arthritis and diabetes
– Not smoking
– Another definition includes high cognitive functioning and high social networking

39
Q

Kublër Ross and 5 stages of dying

A

*No set order, all unique experiences
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Final acceptance

40
Q

Hospice care

A

• Offers palliative care
• Treats the person, not the disease
– Hospice team addresses medical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual needs of patients, family, and friends
• Emphasizes quality rather than length of life
• Considers the entire family to be the unit of care
• Bereavement counseling provided after death
• Support is available to the patient and family (24/7)

41
Q

Supporting a dying person

A

• Be there for the person.
– Don’t withhold touching; listen, talk, and share experiences.
• Give them opportunity to talk about death and to grieve.
– Don’t be afraid to talk about ongoing lives of mutual acquaintances.
• Be aware of their emotional state on any given day.
• Don’t minimize their emotional pain or need to grieve by changing the subject or refusing to acknowledge it.
• Be sensitive to their feelings, offering consolation and support.

42
Q

Coping and helping others cope

A

• Take care of yourself.
• Allow yourself to feel your loss.
• Don’t reject offers of help from friends and family; tell them what you need.
• Give yourself time to grieve.
• Join a bereavement support group
Helping others
• Spending time with the bereaved person can help.
• Don’t feel that you need to have all the answers – sometimes there are none
• Don’t be afraid to talk about the deceased person, but don’t force talking about them either.
• Keep in touch regularly.
– Offer to help with shopping, running errands, babysitting