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breathing and circulating > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four types of shock

A

hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, maldistributive

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2
Q

what is the first sign of shock

A

increased heartrate

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3
Q

what makes offloading of oxygen to tissues easier

A

acidosis in the tissues, increase in 2, 3 DPG

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4
Q

what is the range for daily fluid requirements

A

40-60 ml/kg/day

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5
Q

how do we calculate hydration deficits

A

body weight * % dehydration in decimal form = dehydration in liters

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6
Q

when do we not give oral fluids

A

GI dysfunction

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7
Q

what can we not give SQ fluid wise

A

hypertonic solutions

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8
Q

what is our fluid choice for replacement

A

isotonic crystalloid

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9
Q

what is our fluid choice for maintenance

A

hypotonic crystal

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10
Q

when do we give colloids

A

hypoalbuminemia

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11
Q

how quickly do we administer fluid in acute situations

A

6-8 hours

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12
Q

what is the formula for transfusion amounts

A

BW * amount of blood (%) * (desired PCV - current PCV) / PCV of Donor

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13
Q

how much blood can you take from a donor

A

25% of their total estimated blood volume BW * .08 * .25

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14
Q

what type of anemia is caused by anaplasma

A

extravascular hemolysis

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15
Q

when are blood transfusions recommended in large animal? In small animal?

A

<18% acutely
<12% chronically
clinical signs

< 15% in SA

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16
Q

what are the signs of red maple toxicity

A

weakness, methemoglobinemia, normal PCV, intravascular hemolysis

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17
Q

how much blood can a horse lose and live

A

1/3 of their total blood BW * 8%

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18
Q

when do you do blood transfusions in dogs and cats

A

if PCV <15% in chronic cases

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19
Q

how do you tell the difference between infectious anemia and IMHA

A

infectious causes thrombocytopenia which is not seen in IMHA

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20
Q

signs of IMHA and infectious anemia

A

lethargy, anorexia, fever, icterus, splenomegly

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21
Q

what are treatments for IMHA

A

transfusion, prednisone, +- other immune suppressants ( azathioprine, myco, cyclosporine)

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22
Q

what do we need to remember about cyclosporine

A

no vegetable oil versions

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23
Q

most common secondary causes of IMHA in dogs

A

babesia and blasto

24
Q

most common secondary causes of IMHA in cats

A

mycoplasma and FeLV

25
Q

what does iron deficiency look like

A

microcytic, hypochromic, lots of fragmentation, nonregenerative

26
Q

when do we treat chronic kidney disease that is causing anemia of chronic disease. how do we treat

A

only with severe clinical signs and PCV is really low,
exogenous erythropoietin darbepoietin

27
Q

what does anemia of chronic disease look like

A

mildly low PCV with all the cells are normal looking and normal sized.

28
Q

what is the treatment for oxidative hemolysis

A

N-acetylcysteine IV to reduce oxidative damage, remove toxin, charcoal

29
Q

what would blood work from an oxidative patient look like

A

heinz bodies, eccentrocytes, spherocytes +- methoglobinemia, extravascular hemolysis: splenomegaly, biliruminemia-uria

30
Q

what are our causes of extravascular hemolysis

A

IMHA, oxidative, infectious

31
Q

what is a good way to tell hemolysis from hemorrhage?

A

look at total protein levels

32
Q

how does plasma appearance help dictate types of hemolysis

A

extravascular: icterus
intravascular: hemolyzed

33
Q

heinz bodies, regenerative anemia, and ghost cells in cats?

A

oxidative hemolysis

34
Q

four main categories of thrombocytopenia

A

SPUD
sequestration- -megaly
production down- bone marrow or liver
utilization- DIC
destruction- IMTP

35
Q

if we have an increase PT and PTT what are we thinking

A

vit K deficiency, DIC liver failure
cant produce clotting factors or they are used up

36
Q

what causes severe thrombocytopenia

A

IMTP

37
Q

treatment for IMTP

A

doxy, pred, +- vencristine, +- fresh whole blood or packed cells

38
Q

what is the test for vWB dz

A

BMBT after you measure PTT/PT and look at platelet count

39
Q

gold standard treatment for vWB dz? what else can we do

A

give cryoprecipitate,
or FFP or desmopressin

40
Q

prolonged PTT and normal PT?

A

hemophilia a/b
DIC early stages- check ddimer or fdp

41
Q

treatment for rodenticide tox

A

vit K SQ injection
FFP

42
Q

increased Ddimer, prolonged PTT then PT, schistocytes

A

DIC

43
Q

who benefits from fresh whole blood

A

those who need RBC for anemia and the clotting factors and platelets from the plasma.

44
Q

what is a common cause of iron deficiency

A

chronic hemorrhage, GI hemorrhage look for decreased BUN

45
Q

do red maple tox patients need blood transfusion if their PCV is high?

A

yes. oxidative damage can cause methemoglobinemia which can’t carry oxygen

46
Q

what are bad signs of a transfusion

A

tachycardia and vomiting. stop transfusion

47
Q

treatment for IMHA

A

packed cell transfusion and immune suppression.

48
Q

what does liver have an effect on in regards to blood production? what about the kidneys?

A

thrombopoietin= liver
erythropoietin= kidney

49
Q

what are general signs of platelet deficiency vs coag factor deficiency

A

platelet: multifocal hemorrhage, petechiae, mucosal surface bleeding

factor: body cavity bleeding localized

50
Q

bounding pulses vs weak pulses should help us decide what

A

hemorrhage vs hemolysis
hemorrhage should have weak pulses due to loss of blood.

51
Q

what are the four causes of a regurg murmur

A

physiologic - anemia
valve dysplasia- MVD
valve annular disease: DCM
valvular endocarditis

52
Q

if we have iron deficiency we can rule out (most of the time) what form of anemia

A

hemolysis because the body would reuse the iron and wouldnt run out

53
Q

what is the most supportive finding for regeneration in a blood smear (SA)

A

polychromasia

54
Q

when are NRBCs allowed

A

if there are retics present. if there are no retics then this supports bone or spleen disease

55
Q

what are the four major categories of shock

A

hypovolemia
cardiogenic failure
obstructive
maldistributive

56
Q

what are the four ways the body tries to compensate for shock

A

increase vascular tone and reserve water

increase CO: inc HR, SV

preferentially redistribute blood

optimize offloading of blood to tissues

57
Q

what do we never do to cardiogenic shock patients?

A

give them fluid. this increases the work load on the already struggling heart

breathing and circulating (21 decks)

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