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Microbiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity

A

fights the same every time it is exposed to a pathogen

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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

changes and becomes better every time it fights an infection

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3
Q

immunological memory

A

ex: chicken pox/small pox

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4
Q

exterior defenses

A
  • skin (thick)
  • secretions (lysosomes, mucus)
  • mechanical effects (respiratory elevator)
  • normal flora (attack bacteria)
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5
Q

lysosyme

A

enzyme, most produced, that breaks sugar and peptidoglycan bond

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6
Q

respiratory elevator

A

mucus coats the walls of the bronchial tubes
- cilia are synchronized, beat in time with one another
- particles are moved 1-3 cm/hr out of the lower resp. tract

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7
Q

inside defenses

A

phagocytic cells

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8
Q

splenic macrophage

A

recycles old blood

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9
Q

phagocyctic

A

take it in and break it down

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10
Q

monocyte/macrophage

A

get rid of big old cells
- circulating and resident

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11
Q

polymorphonuclear cell (neutrophil)

A
  • first response (primary circulating phagocyte)
  • non-dividing
  • short lived
  • no mitochondria
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12
Q

what do PMNs do

A

float around in blood stream and eat things when they touch it

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13
Q

monocyte

A

when it is circulating/before it decides to eat

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14
Q

macrophage

A

when it decides to do the eating

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15
Q

blood

A

monocyte

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16
Q

liver

A

kupffer cells

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17
Q

kidney

A

intraglomerular mesangial cells

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18
Q

lung

A

alveolar macrophage

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19
Q

connective tissue

A

histiocyte

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20
Q

brain

A

microglia

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21
Q

spleen

A

sinus macrophage

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22
Q

lymph node

A

sinus macrophage

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23
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen activated molecular pattern

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24
Q

toll-like receptor

A

surface proteins recognize macromolecules and trigger phagocytic response when attaches to target (responds to PAMP and triggers pathway signals)

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25
Q

oxidative burst

A
  • reactive compounds
  • anti-microbial
    (lysozyme)
    (lactoferrin)
  • myeloperoxidase
    (halogen compounds)
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26
Q

opsonin

A

binds to cells and makes them susceptible to phagocytosis

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27
Q

C3b

A

an opsonin

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28
Q

complement

A

part of blood that works with the immune system to remove dead cells

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29
Q

pro-inflammatory molecules

A

C3a and C5a

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30
Q

formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

C5b, C6-C9

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31
Q

three C3 pathways

A
  • inflammation
  • opsonization (makes a thing easy to phagocytose)
  • cytolysis (membrane attack)
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32
Q

what releases pro-inflammatory compounds

A

mast cells

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33
Q

classical complement pathway

A

antibodies bind to microbe
- C1 binds to antibody
- cleavage of C2, C4 produces C2a and C4b, leads to activation of C3
- cleavage of C3
(the three C3 pathways)

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34
Q

alternative complement pathway

A
  • factors B, D, P are complement proteins
  • interact with lipid carbohydrate complex on microbial surface
  • act directly on C3
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35
Q

lectin complement pathway

A
  • mannose binding lectin (MBL)
  • mannose found in many bacterial cell surface structures
  • activates C2 and C4, C2a and C4b activate C3
  • MBP takes place of C1 antibody complex
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36
Q

membrane attack complex

A
  • amphipathic structure
  • 1 hydrophobic face
  • 1 hydrophilic face
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37
Q

acute inflammation chemical mediators

A

mast cells

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38
Q

acute inflammation

A
  • phagocyte chemotaxis
  • permeabilization of the vascular wall
  • fluid flow into tissue
  • diapedesis
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39
Q

recruitment by MO

A
  • pro inflammatory cytokines
  • neutrophil chemotaxis
  • vascular permeabilization
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40
Q

acute phase proteins

A
  • high levels in blood during inflammation
  • opsonin
  • pro inflammatory signal
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41
Q

anti-viral activity of IFN

A
  • infection with virus stimulates IFN alpha/beta
  • IFN receptor on adjacent cells
  • make surrounding cells less susceptible to infection
  • paracrine response (localized)
42
Q

NK cells

A

find cells in body without surface antigens and kill them
- release chemicals causing cell to kill itself or induce apoptosis

43
Q

apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death
    doesn’t induce inflammation
44
Q

eosinophils

A
  • anti-helminthic
  • C3b receptor
  • IgE receptor
  • triggers release of granule content
45
Q

Process of inflammation in tissue

A

microbe -> mast cell -> mediators -> acute inflammatory response

46
Q

evasion

A

some bacteria are resistant to MAC formation
- gram - pathogens with elongated LPS molecules and other liposaccharides on surface
- Streptococci have a peptidase that cleaves C5a (inhibits histamine release) and M protein that inhibits opsonization
- Nematode cuticle resistant to chemical damage

47
Q

immunity

A

specific immune response to antigens

48
Q

antibodies

A

the proteins in blood that bind specifically to antigens
- proteins consisting of constant and variable regions
- basic shape of a Y
- two heavy chains and two light chains

49
Q

active immunity

A

body makes antibodies to a given antigen

50
Q

antigen

A

thing on the microbe that is recognized by the immune system
- thing antibody binds to
- foreign substances bound by antibodies

51
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies are passed from mother to child, confer immunity

52
Q

acquired immunity

A
  • specific response of body to particular pathogen
  • only occurs naturally on exposure to the particular invader
  • may be artificially induced by immunization
  • contrast with innate immunity, which is general response to invasive organisms
53
Q

two arms of the immune system

A
  • humoral
  • cellular
54
Q

humoral arm

A
  • antibody mediated
  • makes antibodies
  • antigens stimulate production of antibodies by B cells
  • antibodies bind to antigens, inactivate toxins, opsonize bacteria
55
Q

cellular arm

A
  • cell-mediated
  • activates cells
  • cytolytic T-lymphocytes are activated
    -helper T-cells activate macrophages
  • active against helminths, protozoa, viral infections
  • rejection of tissue transplant
  • driven by cytokine production
56
Q

epitope

A

parts of antigens that are recognized on the surface

57
Q

constant region

A
  • what the type is
    determine antibody type
  • IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

Ig = immunoglobulin

58
Q

variable region

A
  • where does it stick and what does it do
  • adapted to bind to specific antigens (form antigen binding site)
59
Q

hypervariable regions (CDRs)

A

complementary determining regions in heavy and light chains
- more variability in heavy chains

60
Q

IgM

A

pentameric on B-cell surface, first secreted

61
Q

IgG

A

monomeric primary circulating antibody, produced by most plasma cells after class (isotype) switch

62
Q

IgA (sIgA)

A

dimer secreted into mucosal surfaces

63
Q

IgE

A

monomer binds to mast cells, histamine release (allergy)

64
Q

IgD

A

on B-cell surface and circulates, function unknown

65
Q

agglutination

A

blood cells or bacteria clump together

66
Q

neutralization

A

blocking the entry of a pathogen into a cell

67
Q

antigen-antibody binding

A
  • agglutination
  • opsonization
  • neutralization
  • antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  • complement activation (inflammation)
68
Q

inflammation and antibody

A
  • IgE mediated
  • mast cell Fc receptor
  • mediates specificity of mast cell response
  • allergy
69
Q

ADCC

A
  • bound antibodies recognized by activated macrophages and eosinophils
  • respond by producing perforin and lytic enzymes
  • mechanism to attack larger parasites
70
Q

B-cells

A

derived from bone marrow
- matured b cells are in lymphoid tissues
- have IgM and IgD on surface

71
Q

activated b-cells become ___

A

plasma cells

72
Q

plasma cells produce ____

A

antibodies

73
Q

antibody genes are produced by…

A

somatic cell genetic recombination

74
Q

V(D)J recombination (Tonegawa)

A

joins segments in a single b-cell to form an antibody
(each b-cell makes one antibody)
result: 100 million unique antibody-antigen interactions

75
Q

what results in clonal selection?

A

Ab-Ag interactions
- the b-cell that has IgM, IgD on the surface that binds Ag divides, differentiates
- result: lots of antibodies to specific Ab

76
Q

different Igs arise by ___

A

isotype switching

77
Q

mature b-cells produce mainly ___

A

IgG

78
Q

Memory cells are produced by ___

A

activation

79
Q

secondary response is …

A

faster, larger, mainly IgG

80
Q

T-Cells

A

effectors of the cellular arm of the immune system
- interact with, direct function of other effector cells

81
Q

CSF

A

colony stimulating factors

82
Q

TNF

A

tumor necrosis factors

83
Q

pre t-cells

A

produced from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
- migrate to the thymus, where they mature into t-cells

84
Q

where do t-cells end up?

A

end up in lymphatic tissue and blood

85
Q

CD4

A

helper T-cells

86
Q

CD8

A

cytotoxic T cells

87
Q

Ag binding sends signals to…

A

T-cell (activation)

88
Q

MHC class 1

A

on every cell
- CD8 TCD on CTL
- endogenous

89
Q

MHC class 2

A

on professional APC
- CD4 TCR on Th cell
- exogenous

90
Q

T-cells can only “see” Ag presented by…

A

antigen presenting cell (APC)

91
Q

APC presents Aga after…

A

intracellular processing on MHC
- professional uses class 2
- active T helper
- other cells use class 1
- activate CTL

92
Q

helper t-cells

A

central role in progression of immune response

93
Q

Th1

A

Th1 cells activate cell-mediated immunity (IL-2, IFN-y)

94
Q

Th2

A

Th2 cells activate humoral immunity (IL-2, IL-4)

95
Q

IL-2

A

autocrine growth factor

96
Q

CTL

A

cytotoxic T-cell

97
Q

cytotoxic T-cell

A
  • can be activated by class 1 MHC
  • dont require stimulation by “professional” antigen presenting cells
98
Q

cytolytic enzymes

A
  • perforin
  • similar to macrophage
99
Q

helper t-cells cannot recognize…

A

Ag presented in class 1 MHC

100
Q

what might be required for production of Ab

A

t-cell activation

101
Q
A

Microbiology (16 decks)

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