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Animal Nutrition and Physiology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of fermenters?

A

foregut: primary fermentation occurs in the stomach to breack down cellulose
hindgut: primary fermentation occurs in the small intestine to break down cellulose

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2
Q

which animals comprise foregut fermentors?

A

ruminants
- cattle
- goats/ sheep
- whales (wierd)
- deer
- antelope
- giraffe

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3
Q

typical mouth structure of ruminants

teeth, tongue, salivary behaviors

A

teeth: no upper incisors for clipping, instead a dental pad, space between incisors and premolars+molars
tongue: used for feeding/ pulling grass
saliva: 100-200 L per day

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4
Q

what ezymes are released in the mouth of foregut fermentors?

what does this mean for digestions

A

salivary lipase is starts the diegestion of fats in the mouth but NO amylase or starch digestion until the stomach

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5
Q

saliva function

A
  1. lubrication
  2. pH stabilization
  3. assist in swallowing
  4. lipase enzymatic activity of fat catabolisis
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6
Q

ruminant stomach structure

the parts?

A
  1. rumen (80% of stomach)
  2. reticulum
  3. omasum
  4. abomasum
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7
Q

rumen function and struture

A

papillae in the cavity to increase surface area for absorption where 50% of cellulose is fermented (anaerobic) by archaea microbes to produce methane (CH4) and VFAs votalie fatty acid chains

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8
Q

true or false: each of the stomach chambers are separated in ruminants

A

false: the rumen and reticulum do not have a wall separating the parts and is considerd one organ functionally

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9
Q

ruminate reticulum structure and function

A

honeycomb inner cavity that acts aas a sorter to retain dense particles and allow liquid to pass to the adjacent omasum chamber

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10
Q

what happens to the dense particles retained in the reticulum?

process name

A

regurgitation of solids back into mouth for more chewing of molars and aid in better absorption of VFAs

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11
Q

omasum function

A

grinding

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12
Q

abosmasum function

A

secretion of
- HCl (at a pH of 3)
- chief cell pepsinogen enzymes for digestion of proteins
- G cell gastrin

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13
Q

what is the direction of digestion flow in cow’s stomach?

order the chambers

A
  1. rumen
  2. reticulum
  3. omasum
  4. abomasum
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14
Q

what absorption takes place in the small intestine of ruminants?

A

the 130ft long organ has the absorption of proteins and fat primarily in the jejunum (2nd part) of DJI

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15
Q

what takes place in the large intestine of ruminants?

A

made of the cecum, colon, and rectum LI:
- absorbs water
- absorbs SCFAs (short chained fatty acids from celluluose fermentaion) and Na+ sodium
- storage of feces and elimation

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16
Q

general difference between nutrients and macronutrients

A

both are needed by organisms but macro is needed in large amounts (measured in grams) and mirco are needed in trace amounts (measured in mg)

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17
Q

are the following macro and mirco nutirents?
1. carbohydrates
2. iron
3. calcium
4. protiens
5. fats
6. starch
7. sodium

A
  1. carbohydrates: macro
  2. iron: micro
  3. calcium: micro
  4. protiens: macro
  5. fats: macro
  6. starch: macro
  7. sodium: micro
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18
Q

what are the two main groups of micronutrients?

A

vitamins and minerals

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19
Q

what do nutrients do in the body?

A

monitors hormesis: zone of maintaining homeostatsis

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20
Q

“the dose makes the posion” means

A

although all nutients are required for growth, repair, and function of the body, too much and too little can cause great damage of either deficiency or toxicity

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21
Q

elements to know: UPDATE AS YOU LEARN

  1. Na
  2. Ca
  3. Mg
  4. K
  5. P
  6. Fe
A
  1. Na: sodium, involved in many regulatory and dependent processes, depolarization of action potential
  2. Ca: calcium, primarily in bone and important for skeletal muscle action
  3. Mg: magnesium, acts as a cofactor for enzymatic reactions (higher in the cell)
  4. K: potassium, repolarization of action potentials (higher in the cell)when exiting
  5. P: phosphorus, assist bone formation, bilayer membrane, etc. inorganic state
  6. Fe: iron, hemoglobin. myoglobin, DNA repair
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22
Q

what is sodium?

chemical characteristics

A

mineral, metal
ionic, ionized in water, electorolyte readily binds to Cl forming a salt

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23
Q

sodium functions in the body

A

1.membrane potential: Na is higher outside of cells, so increase allows selective permeablity to provide low Na cells
2.cellular communication: action potentials of neurons depolarization of Na into the cell and generates communication to smooth and skeletal muscle cells to signal Ca+ - mysoin- tropinin interactions
3. salt-water balance: 140 mmol/L (mM) osmotic pressure special importance in kidneys to reabsorb sodium
4. acid-base balance: Na+-H+ antiporter maintain nuetral pH 7
5. absorption of macronutrients: sodium dependent glucose (SGLT symport) and amino acid (NAAT symport) for absorption of macromolecules
6. regulates blood pressure and volume: high Na leads to high H2O and blood pressure/ volume increase

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24
Q

daily sodium in take

A

1.5 kg Na per day for optimal blood pressure
- 140 mmol/ L

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25
Q

what is calcium

chemical characteristics and intake

A
  • mineral, two valence electrons
  • readily ionizes to Ca2+
  • majority (98.9%) of Calcium in the body is hydroxyapatite the other 1% is in fluids, blood plasma, high outside the cell
  • intake: 1g/ day
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26
Q

calcium functions

A
  1. nervous system communications: Ca2+ entering nerve cells allow neurotransmitter rlease and creates action potentials by opening voltage gated channels st the neuromuscular junction
  2. muscle contractions: troponin in skeleletal muscle and calmodulin in smooth muscle are dependent on the element for myosin thick filaments to contract
  3. blood pressure: too much (and technically too little) Ca can lead to vasoconstrictions in smooth muscle increasing blood pressure
  4. bone formation: 99% of Ca is involved in hydroxyapatite bone formation involving osteoblast building cells stimulated by calcitonin hormone and osteoclast break down cells stimulated by parathyriod hormone to release Ca back to the blood.
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27
Q

true or false: adding more salt at the table is the hidden down fall of where most sodium is increased, exceeding the daily adivsed limit

A

false: 70% of sodium intake comes from processed and resraurant foods exceeding the 1.5kg of Na (or 3.4 NaCl- table salt) per day

28
Q

which element is higher inside the cell?

A

K, potassium and Mg, Magnesium
so all other elements are higher outside the cell!

29
Q

osteoblast vs. osteoclast

A

osteoblast: regulated by calcitonin hormone to remove calium from cells and build bones
osteoclast: break down cells stimulated by parathyriod hormone to release Ca back to the blood.

30
Q

what is magnesium?

chemical characteristics and intake

A
  • mineral, metal, ionizes to Mg 2+
  • higher intracellulary
  • intake: 300-400 mg/ day (found in veggies)
31
Q

magnesium functions

A
  1. metallic cofactor binding to inactive apoenzymes to create activated holo-enzymes
  2. stabilizies nucleic acids: DNA, tRNA, ATP from reactive inorganic phosphate groups (PO4 3-)
  3. vitamin D bone activation for osteoblast activity
32
Q

what is potassium?

chemical characteristics and intake

A
  • mineral, metal, ionizes to K+
  • high intracellular
  • intake: 2.6-3.5 g/ day
33
Q

potassium functions

A
  • **membrane potental
  • action potential **repolarization (falling phase as K+ exits the cell and the cell become negative)
  • heart rate beats/ minute regulation
  • contraction of cardiac muscle
  • acid-base regulation lower pH of urine to absorb K and increase pH of kidneys
34
Q

what is phosphorus?

chemical characteristics and intake

A
  • mineral, nonmetal, ionizes to P 3-, found in inorganic PO4 3- state
  • intake: 700 mg/ day
35
Q

phosphorus functions

A
  • Hydroxyapatite in bone
  • Phospholipids in cell membrane (lipid bilayer)
  • Energy currency of ATP
  • backbone of nucleic acids
  • phosphorylation of kinase proteins
36
Q

what is iron?

chemical characteristics

A
  • transition metal, can be ionized as Fe 2+ or Fe 3+
37
Q

iron functions

A
  • Hemoglobin (blood) transports O2 / myoglobin (muscle) stores O2
  • Heme-containing enzymes: Cytochromes
  • Redox reactions
  • Iron-sulfur proteins
  • DNA replication/repair
38
Q

what role do vitamins have as micronutrients?

A

most act as coenzymes which are nonprotein organic components needed for enzymatic function

39
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK
- absorbed with lipids by bile salts in the lymphatic capillaries
- require protein transport because hydrophobic
- can be stored in liver or fat cells
- hard to excete, can lead to toxicity, but needed periodically
- intracellular receptors

40
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

BC
- cannot be stored
- cell surface membrane receptors
- absorbed in the blood
- eaiser to excrete
- less likely to cause toxicity

41
Q

primary functions of fat soluble vitamins

A:
D:
E:
K:

A

A: functions for vision by retinol, gene expression
D: bone formation, Ca2+ and P+ reabsorbtion
E: antioxidant for free radicals
K: coagulation, bone formation

42
Q

primary functions of water soulble vitamins

B2:
B3:
B5:
B6:
B7:
B9:
B12:
C:

A

B2: riboflavin energy production
B3: niacin
B5: pantothenic acid
B6: pyridoxine
B7: biotin
B9: folate
B12: cobalamins
C: ascorbic acid

43
Q

vitamin A function

A
  • retinol vision
  • gene expression
  • regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation
44
Q

vitamin D function

A
  • promotes absorbtion of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine
  • reabsorption of Ca+ and P+ in the kidney nephron cell from blood filtered fluid
  • bone formation
45
Q

vitamin E function

A
  • antioxidant donating an election to free radicals to prevent unstablity in the cell membrane
  • cell mediating in immune system
46
Q

vitamin K function

A
  • 17 different dependent protein on this vitamin
  • necessary for blood clotting and prevent blood from leaaving a vessel bu blood coagulation
  • bone formation by osteoblast secreting osteocalcin
47
Q

vitamin B2 function

A

riboflavin: important reducing power to make ATP for energy and breaking down fatty acids (glyercol + fatty acids) to utlize for energy

48
Q

vitamin B3 function

A

niacin: important precursor coenzymes for redox reactions
– NADH: catabolic
– NADPH: anabolic

49
Q

vitamin B5 function

A

pantothenic acid: precursor for Coenzyme A for pyruvate for the CAC function

50
Q

vitamin B6 function

A

pyridoxine: important coenzyme for neurotransmitter production and hemoglobin production

B6 has your 6 for blood (hemoglobin) and brain (Neuro) production

51
Q

vitamin B7 function

A

biotin: coenzyme for carboxylases adding a carboxyl group to molecules, epigenetics regulating gene expression from external factors from the DNA sequence

biotin pill (boxes) for external gene expression of hair skin and nails

52
Q

vitamin B9 function

A

folate: one carbon metabolism transfer of methyl groups and DNA/ amino acid synthesis

53
Q

vitamin B12 function

A

cobalamins: methylation of DNA affecting epigentics

54
Q

what is coagulation? which vitamin is involved?

A

blood clotting activated by vitamin K

55
Q

vitamin c function

A

asorbic acid: coenzyme for immune function

56
Q

which vitamin (s) require protein transportation?
a. D
b. B2
c. C
d. K

A

vitamins D and K will require protein transports becuase they are fat soluble and hydrophobic

  • all B vitamins and Vitamin C are water soluble and do not need a protein transport
57
Q

true or false: vitamin C can easily lead to toxicity

A

false: vitamin C is water soluble and is readily excreted so it does not accumulate as quickly to become toxic

58
Q

mnemonic for fat soluble vitamins

A

Addict- ADEK
addicted to fatty foods

59
Q

hints to remember fat soluble vitamins

A
D
E
K

A

A: A is number 1, the first thing you do when crossung the street is to look both ways, vitamin A is for vision
D: Don’t call CP for the Kids, with vita D, Ca and P are absorbed from the intestine and reabsorbed in the kidneys
E: **AuntiE (anti) Oxidant **is for the immune system
K: blood Klotting (coagulation)

60
Q

if someone has vision problems, what vitamins are they defincient in?

A

Vitamin A which promotes vision

61
Q

someone who is rapidly loosing blood and is not clotting is a result of a lack of vitamin…

A

K: for Klot and Koagulation

62
Q

hints for water soluble vitamins
B2
B3
B5
B6
B7
B9
B12
C

A

B2: riboflavin- bursting with flavor (and FAD- ATP energy), makes you wanna break down (fatty acids)!
B3: niacin- nia is retro/ redox rxns
B5: panthenoic acid- pentagon, five sides, B5
B6: pyridoxine- B6 got your six for brain (neurotransmitter) and blood (hemoglobin) production
B7: biotin- pills (boxes) hair, skin and nail pills are external epigentic gene regulators for DNA squence carboxylation
B9: folate- fo is late because he’s was doing a one carbon methyl transfer
B12: cobalamin- in Balmin (Paris) they do DNA methylation affecting epigentic looks
C: ascorbic acid- eat your oranges for immune health!

63
Q

which vitamins are coenzymes?

A

there are five, all water soluble:
B3: niacin - coenzyme for redox reactions NADH: catabolic, NADPH: anabolic
B5: panthenoic acid - precursor for Coenzyme A for pyruvate CAC function
B6: pyridoxine - coenzyme for brain (neurotransmitters) and blood (hemoglobin) production
B7: biotin - coenzyme for carboxylases adding carboxyl group for epigenetic regulation
C: ascorbic acid - coenzyme for immune function

64
Q

which vitamins and minerals are involved in bone formation?

A
  • vitamin D: uses Ca 2+ and P 3-
  • Calcium (Ca+): by osteblast builders under calcitonin regulation and breakdown by otseoclast under parathyroxine hormone
  • vitamin K: osteoblast secretes osteocalcin
  • Magnesium (Mg 2+): assistis vitamin D
  • Phosphorus (P 3-): hydroxyapatite bone formation
65
Q

which minerals are involved in action potentials?

A

Na+ (low inside the cell) enters the cell and depolarizes it, K+ exits the cell (repolarization) and leaves it negative to create an action potential of the cell membrane and stimulate neurotransmitters to react with Ca+ and cause muscle contrations (skeletal- by troponin-mysoin, smooth- by calmodulin )

66
Q

which vitamins and minerals interact with kidneys?

A
  • Vitamin D assists Ca+ and P3- to be reabsorbed by the kidneys nephron cells from blood filtered fluid
  • Na+ is absorbed as antiporter with H+ leaving the cell for osmotic pressure
  • K+ is absorbed by the kidneys to increase pH

Animal Nutrition and Physiology (10 decks)

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