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physiology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

unitary muscle: GJ, cells, innervation, respond

A

Contains gap junctions and pacemaker cells
Innervated by ANS varicosities
respond to chemicals signals and hormones

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2
Q

multi-unit muscle: GJs, innervation, respond

A

Typically no gap junctions
innervated independently by ANS
responds to neural stimuli and hormones

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3
Q

characteristics of myofilament structure of smooth muscle

A

myosin head runs entire length
no troponin complex - calmodulin and ca2+ bind so activated calmodulin initiates C-B cycle
contains dense bodies

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4
Q

smooth muscle contraction steps

A
  1. Ca2+ influx through V-G or voltage-independent channels (does not need electrical depol for Ca2+ influx)
  2. Ca2+ binds and activate calmodulin
  3. Calmodiulin activates myosin light chain kinase, activated kinase proteins phosphorylate myosin, activating myosin and ATPases.
  4. Tropomyosin does not get removed from actin, actin monomers binds to existing actin filaments to form longer filaments.
  5. Activated myosin forms C-Bs within actin and ATP energizes for shortening
  6. Myosin light chain phosphatase on myosin tails inactivates it
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5
Q

elastic artery characteristics

A

Large lumen = little resistance
NO vasoconstriction
elastin in all three tunicas
expands & recoils as blood is ejected from heart
absorbs shock

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6
Q

muscular artery characteristic and thickness

A

vasoconstrict
thickest smooth muscle

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7
Q

are arterioles able to vasoconstrict or dilate

A

both

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8
Q

venule function

A

transport blood
pores to allow WBCs and fluids into tissues via diapedesis

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9
Q

veins characteristics

A

largest lumens = little resistance
vasoconstrict

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10
Q

volumetric flow rate: elastic a.s to caps

A

radius drops 1000 fold (3OM)
- 1 trillion resistance

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11
Q

relationship btw flow rate, area, resistance

A

Higher cross-sectional area = lower flow rate, increased resistance

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12
Q

local vasodilation metabolic stimuli

A

metabolically active tissues
- low O2
- low pH
- low BP
- high CO2
- high K+
- high H+
- high adenosine
- NO (histamines, prostaglandins, nitroglycerine, viagra)

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13
Q

local vasodilation myogenic stimuli

A

decreased stretch, decreased intravascular pressure

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14
Q

what does vasodilation mean in terms of blood pressure, resistance, blood flow rate

A

BP - reduces
PR - reduces
BF - increases

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15
Q

local vasoconstrict metabolic stimuli

A

metabolically inactive tissues
- high O2
- high pH
- high BP
- low CO2
- low K+
- low H+
- endothelin

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16
Q

local vasoconstrict myogenic simuli

A

increased stretch, increased intravascular pressure

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17
Q

what does vasoconstriction mean in terms of blood pressure, resistance, blood flow rate

A

BP - increase
PR - increase
BF - decrease

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18
Q

what occurs during hyperventilation

A

lower tissue CO2
higher blood pH
both of these cause vasoconstriction

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19
Q

walk through H+ & calcium concentration during hyperventilation

A

Free protons that were on the negative charge of blood proteins disappear, H+ concentration decreases because CO2 is leaving. Calcium binds to the negative charge and free calcium ion concentration decreases leading to hypocalcemia and tetany

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20
Q

what is happening to oxygen during hyperventilation

A

More O2 is unloaded at the lungs and enough O2 in the alveoli to nearly completely saturate the Hb, increasing Po2 but will not increase the loading of O2 on Hb

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21
Q

systemic vasodilation chemical stimuli

A
  • high O2
  • high pH
  • low CO2
  • low H+
    = low blood pressure, decreased HR
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22
Q

systemic vasodilation hormonal stimuli

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- Lowers resistance by inhibiting ADH
- decreases BV by inhibiting aldosterone
- lowers blood Na+ through kidney filtration

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23
Q

systemic vasoconstriction chemical stimuli

A
  • low O2
  • low pH
  • high CO2
  • high H+
    = high blood pressure, increased heart rate
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24
Q

systemic vasoconstriction hormonal stimuli

A

EP/NE - increase CO & PR
ADH - increase BP & BV
Aldosterone - increase BP & BV
Angiotensin II - increase BP & BV

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25
pulmonary circulation vasoconstriction chemical stimuli
- Low O2 - Low pH - high CO2
26
upstream/downstream pressure of a vasoconstricted arteriole
upstream - higher BP, higher resistance downstream - lower BP, lower resistance to protect capillaries
26
pulmonary circulation dilation chemical stimuli
- high O2 - high pH - low CO2
27
Arterioles - pressure & flow rate
pressure: steepest drop, increased PR - smaller diameter flow rate - slower blood flow - increased PR
28
capillaries - pressure and flow rate
pressure: keeps dropping because of increased PR flow rate - slows as increased resistance and area occurs
29
Arterial BP
MAP = diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure = 2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic *MAP & pulse pressure declines with distancing from heart
30
what happens to pressure with an edema
increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries, reduced lymphatic pressure
31
capillary BP
arterial side - 35 mmHg venual side - 15 mmHg
32
arterial side net fluid pressure
HPcap pressure out = 35 OPcap pressure in = 28 HPif pressure in = 0 OPif pressure out = 3 (35-0) – (28-3) = 10 mmHg
33
venual side net fluid pressure
HPcap pressure out = 15 OPcap pressure in = 28 HPif pressure in = 0 OPif pressure out = 3 (15-0) – (28-3) = -10 mmHg
34
Bulk flow
distribution of ECF volume through intracellular clefts and fenestrations
35
continuous capillaries
tight skin, skeletal muscle
36
fenestrated capillaries
pressurized kidney, SI
37
sinusoid capillaries
large intercellular clefts, gets formed elements into BS liver, bone marrow, spleen
38
three factors on pulmonary ventilation
airway resistance alveolar surface tension lung compliance
39
airway resistance
greatest in medium-sized bronchi reduced with more branching higher viscosity - higher resistance to airflow
40
alveolar surface tension
the force exerted by the liquid lining of the alveoli in the lungs - can cause alveolar collapse surfactant reduces surface tension
41
lung compliance
high - flexibility of thoracic cavity, distensibility of lung tissue, low alveolar surface tension low - decreased flexibility of thoracic cage, scar tissue replaces lung tissue, reduce production of surfactant
42
adrenergic agonists on bronchioles
EP/NE mimics fight or flight - smooth m. relax, bronchodilation, reduced resistance, increased air flow
43
cholinergic agonists on bronchioles
ACh - parasympathetic, bronchoconstriction, increased resistance, decreased air flow
44
cholinergic antagonists on bronchioles
blocks ACh signaling, inducing bronchodilation
45
CO2 on bronchioles
stimulate bronchodilation - to get rid of excess CO2
46
henry's law
solubility of gas is proportional to partial pressure As temp increases, gas solubility decreases
47
intrapulmonary pressure
resting - 0 pressure more positive - air will leave pressure more negative - air will enter
48
normal resting lung pressure
intrapulmonary = atmospheric
49
atelectasis (lung collapse)
intrapulmonary = alveolar - intrapleural must be lower than intrapulm
50
open pneumo
intrapleural = atmospheric
51
closed pneumo
intrapulmonary = intrapleural intrapleural > atmospheric
52
negative pressure - two inward forces that promote lung collapse
elastic recoil of lungs decreases lung size surface tension of alveolar fluid reduces alveolar size
53
negative pressure - one outward force tends to enlarge lungs
elasticity of chest wall pulls thorax outward
54
inspiration
intrapulmonary < atmospheric - Diaphragm descends, ribs elevate (external intercostals contract) - thoracic cavity volume increase - lungs stretch (intrapulm volume increases) - intrapulm drops to -1 and air flows down its pressure gradient
55
expiration
intrapulmonary > atmospheric - diaphragm rises, ribs depress (external intercostals m.s & recoil of costal cartilages) - thoracic cavity volume decreases - elastic lungs recoil passively (intrapulm volume decrease) - intrapulm rises to 1 and air flows out due to pressure gradient
56
residual volume
volume of air that remains in the lungs after forced exhalation, gas exchange can still occur
57
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
58
functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
59
vital capacity
tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, & inspiratory reserve volume
60
dead space
= anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space 10% of residual volume (150 mL) no contribution to gas exchange - all airways above terminal bronchioles
61
partial pressures of O2
capillary Po2 venous blood - 40 Pulmonary v.s Po2 - 100 alveolar Po2 - 104
62
partial pressures of Co2
alveolar Pco2 - 40 venous blood - 45 small gradient because most CO2 travels as bicarbonate
63
speed of oxygenation of blood in pulm caps
tissue o2 - 40 is fully oxygenated to 104 in .25 sec double diameter = 4x time
64
what factors shift Hb graph saturation down and right
increased temp, H+, Pco2, & B/DPG decreased in pH - affinity of Hb for O2 decreases
65
what factors shift Hb graph saturation up and left
increased pH decreased temp, H+, Pco2, & B/DPG - affinity of Hb for O2 increases
66
bohr effect
H+ & CO2 enhance O2 unloading where needed most (decrease Hb’s affinity for O2)
67
haldene effect
oxygenated blood decreases it’s capacity to carry CO2 (decrease Hb’s affinity for CO2)
68
CO2 transport - carbaminohemoglobin
reduced Hb (less O2) forms HbCO2 in peripheral tissues.
69
bicarbonate - systemic & pulm caps
systemic: CO2 diffuses into RBC, binds with H2O (carbonic anhydrase), HCO3- builds up and diffuses out via Cl-/HCO3- exchange, Cl- diffuse in pulm: HCO3- moves in RBC via exchanger adn binds with H+ = H2CO3. Split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 & H2O, CO2 diffuses into alveoli
70
PCO2 on respiration control
increased CO2 in brain, H+ increase and stimulate central chemoreceptors of brainstem - increases HR
71
arterial pH on respiration control
low pH (correlate with low O2) - increase HR and depth of breathing to expel more CO2.
72
renal corpuscle
glomerulus (capillaries) - porous, allow filtrate formation. Only 20% plasma volume is filters as it passes - formed elements, proteins, and fats concentrated in the efferent arteriole bowman's capsule - captures the filtrate
73
glomerular filtration (tonicity and structure)
isotonic structures driven by HP of heart, passive - fenestrations (course) - pores in cap endo - basement membrane (fine) - negatively charged ECM repels negatively charged proteins, mesangial cells clean accumulation - podocytes - foot process with filtration slits - can move to regulate flow rate
74
outward pressure promoting filtrate formation
hydrostatic pressure - 55 of glomerular capillaries
75
two inward pressure inhibits filtrate formation
hydrostatic pressure - 15 of capsular space osmotic pressure - 30 of glomerular capillaries NFP - 55 - (15+30) = 10
76
blood pressure in glomerulus
High because afferent are larger in diameter so resistance increases and filtration rate goes up
77
arteriole constriction at glomerulus
afferent constricts - reduces blood flow rate & filtration rate, increased resistance, lower pressure at filter efferent constricts - reduces blood flow rate & filtration rate, increases resistance, higher pressure at filter
78
kidney response to low bp
constriction of afferent/efferent arterioles to stop glomerular filtration
79
systemic low blood pressure response
* Stimulus received, baroreceptors in carotid sinuses & aortic arch are inhibited * Few impulses from baroreceptors activate cardioacceleratory center & stimulate vasomotor center * Sympathetic impulses to heart increase HR, contractility, and cardiac output. Vasomotors fibers stimulate vasoconstriction which increases PR. * Increased CO & PR return blood pressure to normal range
80
4 ways CO2 is picked up in systemic circulation
1. Interstitial fluid to plasma (dissolves) 2. Interstitial fluid to plasma (CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  HCO3- + H+) – slow a. H+ then binds to plasma proteins 3. Interstitial fluid to RBC (CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  HCO3- + H+) – fast because carbonic acid is used a. HCO3- used in the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger b. H+ used to make HHb with Hb from HbO2  O2 + Hb equation 4. Interstitial fluid to RBC (CO2 + H2O  HbCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin
81
what are some factors that increase blood flow
cardiac output, blood pressure, and EDV, decreasing resistance
82
what force is responsible for net reabsorption found in the venous end of systemic capillaries
osmotic pressure in the blood
83
how does pH/O2 sensed by chemoreceptors affect systemic circulation
high - vasodilation and decreased heart rate
84
how do pulmonary bronchioles adn arterioles respond to high altitude where CO2 & O2 are low
pulmonary bronchioles - dilate pulmonary arterioles - constrict
85
external respiration
exchange of O2 & CO2 across respiratory membrane - O2 diffuses from alveoli to blood - CO2 diffuses from blood to alveoli influenced by - thickness & SA of respiratory membrane - partial pressure gradients and gas couplings - ventilation-perfusion coupling
86
internal respiration
capillary gas exchange w/tissues, tissue Po2 always lower than systemic arterial blood - O2 diffuses from blood to tissues - CO2 diffuses from tissues to blood

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