extraexam1

Question 1

lysozyme (tears and saliva)

Answer 1

chews up bacterial cell walls, actively trying to weaken/destroy pathogens

Question 2

defensins (neutrophils)

Answer 2

form large pores in PM

Question 3

dermcidin (sweat)

Answer 3

forms large channels in PM

Question 4

interferon

Answer 4

viral-injected cells secrete this to warn other cells of infection, other cells release anti-microbial peptides to prevent replication

Question 5

complement proteins(~20 proteins in inactive form)

Answer 5

agglutination - clusters and sticks pathogens together
opsonization - enhances phagocytosis of antigens
cell lysis - ruptures membranes of foreign cells
chemotaxis - attracts neutrophils and macrophages

Question 6

leukopenia

Answer 6

decreased leukocyte #s
caused by virus (HIV), chemo/rad therapy, aplastic anemia

Question 7

leukemia

Answer 7

increased leukocyte #s
myeloid - myeloblast descendants
lymphocytic - lymphocytes
acute - derive from stem cells, mainly children
chronic - slow progression

Question 8

infectious mononucleosis

Answer 8

Epstein Barr virus - b cells become infected, t cells attach b cells

Question 9

active immunization

Answer 9

introduce the antigen

Question 10

passive immunization

Answer 10

introduce specific antibody

Question 11

transferrin

Answer 11

deals with iron recycling and RBC production`

Question 12

HIV

Answer 12

lyses helper T cells

Question 13

warfarin

Answer 13

blocks formation of vitamin k dependent clotting factors - II,VII, IX, X

Question 14

hemophilia a, b, c,

Answer 14

missing VIII, IX, XI

Question 15

dibigatran

Answer 15

directly inhibits thrombin

Question 16

heparin

Answer 16

released by basophils/mast cells inhibits thrombin by enhancing anti-thrombin III

Question 17

anti-thrombin III

Answer 17

inactivates unbound thrombin

Question 18

erythropoietin made

Answer 18

in kidneys

Question 19

pernicious anemia outcome

Answer 19

poor cell division of RBC precursors

Question 20

hemolytic anemia

Answer 20

premature cell lysis caused by Hb abnormalities

Question 21

thalassemia

Answer 21

1 globin chain is gone/bad
cells are thinner, fragule, Hb deficient

Question 22

sickle cell anemia

Answer 22

caused by thalassemia, 1 aa from G-V (-phi - -pho)
RBCs are crescent shaped, low O2, Hb polymerizes (sticks to itself, stretches cell)

Question 23

sickle cell treatments

Answer 23

1. Hydroxyurea - induce fetal Hb formation , 2 alpha, 2 gamma
2. Stem cell transplant
3. Gene therapy - take cells out, fetal Hb in cells, cells back in body.

Question 24

thrombocyte functions

Answer 24

activate other platelets
promote platelet plug formation
enhance vascular spasm
promote regrowth of BVs
attach innate immune cells to site of damage

Question 25

thrombopoietin made in

Answer 25

liver/kidney

Question 26

nitric oxide and prostacylin

Answer 26

inactivate/inhibit platelets

Question 27

thrombocytopenia

Answer 27

deficient #s of circulating platelets

Question 28

petichiae

Answer 28

red patches due to widespread hemorrhage of capillaries. caused by RBM destruction and aplastic anemia

Question 29

impaired liver function

Answer 29

two common pathway factors not working caused by vit K deficiency, cirrhosis, hepatitis bad fat absorb/liver disease prevent bile production and K absorption

Question 29

vascular spasm

Answer 29

mechanical injury of smooth m. chemicals from endothelial cells platelets promote contraction

Question 30

platelet plug formation

Answer 30

collagen fibers exposed (primary clot activator) platelets stick to collagen via von Willebrand factor. Platelets swell, become sticky, release chemicals. - Platelet activating factor & ADP - more platelets activate/aggregate - serotonin/thromboxane A2 - plate act/agg, enhance vascular spasm

Question 31

clot retraction

Answer 31

actin (cs p) & myosin leads to contraction/shrinkage fo plug within 30-60 min, stabilizing clot. Squeezes serum out, BVs edges together

Question 32

vessel repair

Answer 32

platelet derived growth factor - simulates cell division of smooth m. and fibroblasts vascular endothelial growth factor - stimulates endothelial cell production

Question 33

fibrinolysis

Answer 33

removes clot within 2 days plasminogen (in endo cells) - plasmin (fibrin-digesting enzyme) - tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

Question 34

humoral immunity

Answer 34

b - cells antibodies identify antigens (foreign) circulate freely

Question 35

cellular immunity

Answer 35

t cells act against target cells direct - kill cells using t-cell receptor indirect - release chemicals - enhance inflammation - activate other lymphocytes/macrophages

Question 36

granulocytes

Answer 36

1-2 weeks to make, few fays to break

Question 37

neutrophils

Answer 37

most abundant first responders granules have hydrolytic enzymes/defensins release chemicals - inflammation release signalse

Question 38

eosinophils

Answer 38

release enzymes to digest multi-cellular paracites accumulate during allergies

Question 39

basophils

Answer 39

granules contain histamines involved with inflammation and allergies histamine release = endo cells leakier signaling

Question 40

agranulocyte

Answer 40

days to week to make, hours to years to break

Question 41

monocytes

Answer 41

activate lymphocytes to launch immune response leaves BS - diapedesis - enter tissues - phagocytose

Question 42

microfilaments

Answer 42

thin strands of actin that strengthen cell structure, enhances motility

Question 43

intermediate filaments

Answer 43

resists pulling forces of cells tough insoluble fiber of keratin, neurofilament proteins

Question 44

microtubules

Answer 44

large tubes of tubulin that determine cells shape, keep organelles in place, forms mitotic spindle, assists motor proteins