Lab #2 Flashcards
(35 cards)
blood characteristics
CT known as fluid tissue
Major tissues where the cells do not adhere to each other or to the extracellular matrix
Two main parts: cellular fraction composed of formed elements and the acellular fraction called plasma
formed elements in blood
erythrocytes - rbcs
leukocytes - wbcs
thrombocytes - platelets
plasma composition in blood
water
salts
glucose
proteins
fats
hormones
erythrocytes
cells that have been stripped of most cellular components/functions in order to be packed with hemoglobin to carry o2, co2, and h+
leukocytes
used for defense against pathogens or foreign compounds (bacteria, viruses fungi, multicellular parasites, and toxins)
thrombocytes
cellular fragments that are used to help rapidly seal a damaged BV and prevent blood loss
adult male/female rbc/L count
male: 4.4-5.7 trillion RBCs/L
female: 3.9-5.1 trillion RBCs/L
WBC/L count
3.5-9.6 billion WBCs/L
platelet count
150-400 billion platelets/L
plasma element tonicity and osmolarity
Plasma remains close to isotonic with other cells.
Tonicity: Na+ (~140mM) and Cl- (~110mM) and K+ (~5mM), Ca2+ (~3mM), and Mg2+ (2mM). Glucose is 5mM between meals.
Altogether the range of normal osmolarity for human serum is 275 - 295 mosmol/kg
natremia, kalemia, calcemia, glycemia, and capnia
Nat: blood Na+ levels (135-145 mM)
Kal: blood K+ levels (3.7-5.2 mM)
Calc: blood Ca2+ levels (2.1-2.6 mM)
Gly: blood glucose levels (3.9-5.6 mmol/L)
cap: blood CO2 levels (23-29 mM)
urea & creatinine
less toxic breakdown product of ammonia, made by the liver
breakdown product of creatine in muscle cells
Both normally filtered out by blood in the kidneys, any increase in these can indicate kidney disease
Bilirubin
breakdown product of heme, the o2 carrying component of hemoglobin. the liver removes bilirubin from the blood. An increase could indicate excessive rupture of RBCs like hemolytic anemia
liver enzymes that increase in the blood if liver cells are damaged
alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase
low concentration plasma proteins
Albumin and lipoproteins carry -phobic fats and steroid hormones in the -philic plasma
amino acid base hormones and immunoglobulin proteins: move btw tissues/organs through plasma
clotting factors (fibrinogen): used to help seal broken BVs
intravenous fluids
simple solutions adminstered directly into the bloodstream through a low pressure vein.
Most common IV fluid are close to being isotinc with the serum, ex: 0.9% NaCl (normal saline)
0.9% saline is actually hypertonic compared to human serrum osmol but within the range (286 mosmol/kg)
Iv fluid: Ringers
lactated ringers contains Cl, Na, K, Ca, and lactate = more balanced salt sol to human serum. 273 mosmol/kg. Lactate (weak acid) to buffer/reduce acidification of the blood
0.45% normal saline
purposely hypotonic, used to treat hypernatremia.
blood donation
average blood donation are 500mL (10% of total blood volume)
complete blood count (CBC)
counts all formed elements and hemoglobin
hematocrit
percentage of RBCs by volume in human blood
female: 35-45%
male: 39-50%
Also called packed cell volume - sort sample through centrifugation. Blood in small tube w/plug in the bottom is spun in a centrifuge. high density RBCs @ bottom, less dense WBCs/thrombocytes in the middle, and low density plasma on top.
low/high hematocrit values
low - anemia
high - polycythemias
red blood cell count
counts the total # of RBCs per volume of whole blood
female: 3.9-5.1 trill RBCs/L
male: 4.4-5.7 trill RBCs/L
performed with a hemocytometer: microscope slide w/a grid etched into the bottom to determine # of RBCs per unit volume
hemoglobin test
hemoglobin concentration in whole blood
female: 12.0-15.5 grams/dL
male: 13.5-17.5 grams/dL
Hb loads 02 in the lungs to carry to other tissues, carries co2 and h+ from tissues to the lungs.
Heme can reflect & absorb light. Tallquist assay and STAT-site electronic hemoglobinometer use reflectance photometry. Drabkin’s reagent assay uses change in absorbance of light
