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Government 302 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

who said “the foremost natural right is the right of a human being to implore his fellow man’s help”?

A

John Quincy Adams

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2
Q

who prioritizes productive economic development and discusses money as a store of value toe take the place of perishables?

A

John Locke

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3
Q

what kinds of power does Locke distinguish?

A

parental power from political power

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4
Q

parental power

A

emancipated by attaining reason at about 21

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5
Q

what do the citizens defer to when they give up their natural right “to punish offences against the law of nature in prosecution of their own private judgment”?

A

commonwealth

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6
Q

civil society’s purpose

A

to preserve property

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7
Q

what is the great and chief end, therefore, of men;s uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under govt?

A

is the preservation of their property

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8
Q

what is wanting from a commonwealth?

A

first, there wants an established, settled known law
secondly, in the state of nature there wants a known and indifferent judge, with authority to determine all differences according to the est law,
thirdly, in the state of nature there often wants power to back and support the sentence when right, and give it due execution

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9
Q

in the state of nature there wants a known an indifferent judge with authority to determine all differences according to the est law:

A

for every one in that state being both judge and executioner of the law of nature, men being partial to themselves, passion and revenge is very apt to carry them too far, and with too much heat

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10
Q

what other power does a man have in the state of nature?

A

power to punish the crimes committed against that law

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11
Q

Locke’s limits to government

A
  1. can’t be asolutely arbitrary over the lives and fortunes of the people
  2. the legislative, or supreme authority, cant assume to itself a power to rule by extemprorary arbitrary decrees, but it is bound to dispense justice and decide the rights of the subject by promulgated standing laws
  3. supreme power can’t take from any man his property without his content
  4. legislative cna transfer the power of making laws to any other hands
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12
Q

what does Locke distinguish as the three powers?

A

legislative, executive, and federative

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13
Q

which of the three powers deals with international relations and belongs in the same hands as the executive?

A

federative

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14
Q

who has the power to dissolve the legislature?

A

the people

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15
Q

who claims that an aggressor never has a right over the conquered?

A

Locke

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16
Q

what is the double right that every man is born with?

A
  1. a right of freedom to his person

2. a right, before any other man, to inherit with his brethren his father’s goods

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17
Q

what is the exercise of power beyond right?

A

tyranny

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18
Q

Locke’s basic principle

A

“force is to be opposed to nothing but to unjust and unlawful force; whoever makes any opposition in any other case, draws on himself a just condemnation both from God and man

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19
Q

what happens when the government is dissolved?

A

the people are free to reform the legislative in order to recreate a civil state that works in their best interest before they fall under tyrannical rule

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20
Q

who wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding?

A

John Locke

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21
Q

taxis ton archon

A

offices and honors

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22
Q

who wrote Future of Industrial Man?

A

Peter Drucker

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23
Q

what are the two most cherished beliefs of the Republican Theory?

A
  1. Hobbes attack

2. Locke’s view

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24
Q

what is Hobbes attack of the republican theory

A
  1. tyranny is monarchy disliked
  2. freedom of the state of nature must be abandoned
  3. the only civic nature must be abandoned
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25
Locke's view of the republican theory
1. traditional liberal view: a portion of freedom is exchanged for security 2 political liberty is the protection of national rights
26
what is a tale of virtuous shepherds who manipulate wishes of their flock?
Plato's Republic
27
who anticipated Rousseau's device of the device of the godlike legislator?
Oliver Cromwell
28
feudalism
a system of dependent military tenures
29
what is the origin of modern kingship?
1. barbarian tribes provided soldiers, then supplants their employers 2. medieval kings were the descendants of the leaders of the tribes organized as military hierarchies
30
what is a four-estate balance?
the king, the lords spiritual, the kings temporal, and the commons
31
what were commons?
were the rural gentry [knights] and free holding farmers [yeoman]
32
standing army vs. militia
1. standing armies were universally regarded as a threat to liberty 2. William III's reluctance to disband the army 3. second amendment to the US constitution provides for a militia
33
Henry VII
founded the tudor dynasty
34
who signaled the end of the feudal system?
Henry VII
35
end of fuedal system
1. state of population: increased the number of small independent farmers 2. statute of retainers: emancipated small farmers form the services of great lords and forbade them to keep militias 3. statute of alienation: selling of freehold land was made easy 4. thus was the nobility disarmed
36
Venetian model
small senate with a larger assembly
37
what are Machiavelli's two types of republics
1. republic for increase | 2. republic for preservation
38
Lucias Cornelius Sulla
ruled as perpetual dictator via a private army
39
who was Harrington's hope to escape the cycle of decay?
Polybius
40
fear of tyranny showed up in who's reign?
Charles II
41
who pointed out that the old mixed regime still had life in it?
David Hume
42
what does political authority rest upon?
on consent
43
descending theory of authority
1. authority is in essence absolute a. non-absolute authority is exercised on the basis of a grant with limitations 2. room for disobedience b. king is bound by his own laws until he suspend them
44
Charles-Louis de Secondat
1. Rousseau's despairing claim about commercial society | 2. secondat family
45
animating spirit
1. republican virtue: Rome, Sparta, Athens 2. French monarchy: pursuit of glory and high culture 3. England its citizens' liberty 4. popular sovereignty in a republic Res PUblica
46
who says the modern world offers more sources of private pleasure?
Benjamin Constant
47
who's democratic constitution restricted office-holding to to three classes?
Cleisthenes
48
passion for equality
1. essence in the ancient world was political rather than economic 2. modern egalitarian ideal is economic and social 3. Rome's legacy of rule of law
49
what did the separation of powers secure?
liberty
50
check and balance
1. judicious entanglement of power 2. freedom to critique king and his ministers 3. Robert Walpole vs. viscount golingbroke
51
what is the criticism Venice?
1. frightful inquisitorial system | 2. a republic has not natural unity
52
what is tyranny of opinion
political correctness
53
elements of political pluralism
1. right social structure and self-reliant population 2. roust account of political balance 3. willingness of individuals to change ideas and allegiances
54
who opposed revolution and the mobility of the modern world?
Rousseau's
55
who said " men are clay in the hands of society?
Rousseau
56
evolutionary framework
our original nature is thoroughly lost
57
ancients v. modern
all the advantages belong to the former
58
what are the acute senses of the contradictory impulses created by?
our socialization
59
who presumed Hobbes naturalism and his strong state
Rousseau
60
reasons of the heart
experience seen as "a better guide than reason"
61
amour de soi
self-preservation
62
stage theory of human development
1. the ancient origins 2. two differences between the 18c and later versions 3. contrast between the sturdy freeholder, the servile trader, the ingratiating shopkeeper. and the oppressed peasant
63
Carib Indians
1. happy springtime of the human race 2. arrival of ency and sexual jealousy 3. absence of social anxiety 4. no step-by-step account of the development of property 5. even this simple society was not natural
64
creation of private property resulted in?
crimes
65
emile
1. goal of education: detachment from poisoned life in modern society 2. purposes: either make a committed citizen of a republic or live happily
66
dependence on persons is what?
slavery
67
who was a benevolent outsider?
emile
68
Emile as a benevolent outsider
1. living by rules of national morality 2. self-sufficiency 3. citizen of nowhere 4. attitude toward local community 5. nationalism
69
creaation of sovereign moral body
1. corporate entity with a will, like Hobbes sovereign body a. general will b. cicero: res publica is res populi 2. analogy to the ford motor company a. corporate personality b. corpus mysticum 3. ultimacy of a body politic 1. everyone must be bound without reservation 2. Hobbes draws the line at allowing ourselves to be murdered by the sovereign
70
we obey ourselves alone
we are transformed into moral human beings
71
what is inflicted on ourselves by ourselves?
lawful punishment
72
indivisibility
a. achieving consensus | b. agreement with utilitarians like Bentham and Austin
73
infallibility
a. question making mistakes b. the general will itself is always right c. mistakes are interpretive
74
what is the two-stage process for determining the general will?
1. unanimity most likely at the second stage a. two conditions mst be met 2. findings of basic probability theory a. trial by jury 3. continuing doubts about the concept of the general will
75
will of all
1. Rousseau's hostility to subordinate allegiances within the polity a. desire for strong central authority 2. american pluralism takes the opposite view
76
Rousseau's legitimate state
1. utilitarian hostility to the idea 2. question of the entitlement to make rules a. skeptics treat this as a factual question 3. Rousseau's answer
77
the legislator
1. moses, romulus 2. acceptance by the people legitimates the legislator's vision a. attack on Grotius 3. Rousseau opens the door to democratic dictatorship a. charismatic authority b. robespierre
78
":republic held together by le smoeurs"
Montesquieu
79
morals
les moeurs
80
puzzle of why rousseau s attractive to the modern world
1. his theory of legitimacy is consistent with a modern liberal democratic state 2. Rousseau would have liked an annual referendum 3. he would have referred virtue to our frivolities 4. french revolutionaries erred in thinking that roman virtue could make much headway in modern france

Government 302 (9 decks)

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