Exam 5 on 4/04 Flashcards
1
Q
Edmund Burke
A
- Samuel Johnson’s circle
- National Register
- Lord Rockingham
2
Q
maxims of representative government
A
what the representative owes the constituents
3
Q
appeal from the new whigs to the old
A
Richard Price
4
Q
Reverend Richard Price
A
- theory of probability
- mortality tables
- nunc dimmitis: millenial hope
- love of country
- Lockean views
5
Q
what are the three kinds of argument?
A
- revolutions are costly in terms of human happiness
- natural law is a source of limits
- Burke’s attachment to traditional religious forms
6
Q
revolutions are costly in terms of human happiness
A
a. utilitarian argument
1. humans are flexible about the means for acheiving human happiness
b. neither the peasant nor the intellectual needs liberating by the other
1. intellectuals are tempted to liberate the peasant
c. built-in advantage
d. reform is best done gradually
e. the doctrine of universal natural rights is the enemy of good sense
1. man as a collective does not exist
7
Q
natural law is a source of limits
A
a. it is a divine ordination
b. Burke as a defender of mos malorum
1. Cicero
2. Montesquieu
3. assumption of a fundamental harmony between things
c. unnatural quality of revolutionaries
1. it is a world upended by deranged intellectuals
d. social mobility
3. open membership into the landed gentry
f. Adam smith
g. american whalers
Burke believed in a flexible order and was not a devotee of a caste system
8
Q
Burke’s attachment to religious forms
A
a. the body of prejudice constitutes a civic religion
b. religion is indispensable for public morality
c. question whether a modern society could society could survive the “death of God”
1. Karl Marx
2. auguste Comte: religion of humanity
d. Burke was a deeply religious thinker
1. religion mus be institutionalized
e. revolution was a blasphemous undertaking
9
Q
what is a source of limits
A
natural law
10
Q
mos maiorum
A
traditional roman values, including fides, pietas, religio, cultus, disciplna, gravitas, constantia, irtus, dignitas, auctoritas
11
Q
France’s ancien regime
A
- aristocracy’s economic privileges compensated for its powerlessness
- low political schemes
12
Q
Joseph de Maistre
A
- Savoyard diplomatic service
2. considerations sur la France
13
Q
rights of man
A
seditious libel
14
Q
absurdity of the hereditary principle
A
- Hume’s rationale for it
2. Paine’s contempt
15
Q
idea of universal human rights
A
- human equality and rationality taken as a given
- attitude to Burke
- Burke’s indignation at the treatment of the queen
a. political drama - Paine refused to engage with Burke’s argument
- goal: a bourgeois commercial republic with a safety net
16
Q
rioters and looters wreck their own neighborhoods
A
submitting to the disciplines of self-restraint is hard work; violence and cruelty are fun
17
Q
french declaration of the rights of man and citizen
A
- essence of political liberty is to be found int he first three clauses
a. equal rights- Marx’s bourgeois right:equal rights to unequal outcomes
b. end of all political associations: the preservation of rights
c. nation is the source of all sovereignty, nor can any individual or body of men be entitled to any authority not expressly derived from it
- Marx’s bourgeois right:equal rights to unequal outcomes
18
Q
what embodied a discernible principle: the idea of progress?
A
the french revolution
19
Q
hereditary jobbery?
A
rent-seeking
20
Q
Norman Yoke
A
William the conqueror and the landed nobility
21
Q
toelration
A
a great piece of despotism
22
Q
Auguste Comte
A
rational society run y a hierarchical organization of managers and scientists
23
Q
what is seen as the product of a managerial revolution?
A
modern world
24
Q
who’s influence is well-digested into the bloodstream of the west?
A
Allan Bloom
25
what was a discourse on inequalitty?
econd discourse
26
what des the second discourse scoff at?
state of nature as mythic tales told by Hobbes and Locke
27
Rousseau's view of earliest human
earliest human was an animal-like creature who possessed a natural feeling of compassion
28
what represented a "loss of real felicity"?
the transition from primitive state of earliest human into civil society
29
social contract theories:
a. what drew humans out of their primeval state was perfectibility, not rational calculation
1. the distinctly human capacity to change and develop, to transform oneself and to be transformed
b. Immanuel Kant's admiration for the second discourse
30
what was a fatal accident?
1. invention of agriculture and metallurgy
| a. it is iron and wheat which have civilized men and ruined the human race
31
what is the origin of property?
a. civil society, not nature, led to a state of affairs in danger of degenerating into war; it begat governments and laws, inequality , and resentment
32
who insisted that there is no escape from history
Rousseau
33
no escap form history
a. he did not exhibit the subsequent romantic nostalgia for the simple life
b. natural man had been self-sufficient; man in civil society is dependent even to the point of living "in the opinion of others"
34
Rousseau rejected older ideas of natural law discoverable through right reason
but he also exalted solitude and self-sufficiency, anticipating later hyper-individualism
35
who's portrait of early man and simple societies inspired the romantic revolt against classicism in art and literature?
Allan Bloom
36
who's views on property and the dark side of mutual dependence influenced Karl Marx?
Allan Bloom
37
where did injustice originate?
in civil society
38
The Social Contract:
illegitimacy of existing governments
39
general will
formation of a state whose legislation would be produced by the will of each person thinking in terms of all
40
what links the social contract with Emile and other writings?
concept of general will
41
who emphasized the pedagogical function of law?
Rousseau, Plato
42
inculcation
pedagogical function of law
43
what is necessary for good laws?
good custom
44
the oath
Paul Johnson: Rousseau anticipated Pol Pot's regime in cambodia
45
vulgarization of Rousseau's thought has sheared off his deep historical pessimism in favor of?
leftism and the 19C cult of progress (Prometheus theme)
46
what would be useful in shoring up patriotic civil religion?
religion:
1. he agreed with Hobbes that religious activity could be tolerated s long as it was primarily inward and private
2. he was not interested like Luther in reforming religion, only of pushing the institutional critique of religion to its limit
47
who marked the rise of the romantic literary genre
Julie
48
ressentiment
a span of mimetic desire and envy
49
who tapped into ressentiment as no writer had done before?
Rousseau
50
prophets of below act of men by:
an awakening of emotional sumpathies
51
who noted that rousseau's employer asked him to read and take detailed notes of Montesquieu's spirit of the laws?
Paul Rahe
52
who wrote Robespierre?
Otto Scott
53
who wrote Spirit of the Laws?
Montesquieu
54
who engaged in tortures and massacres with a truly popular elan, quite different from their Nazi imitators who perpetuated their crimes in a bureaucratic and almost always clandestine way?
Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
55
who referred to Girard's mimetic desire as Rousseau's idyllic imagination?
Irving Babbitt
56
what are the work of society?
a part of savage man's care for self-preservation, the gratification of a multitude of passions, and have made laws necessary
57
when is man weak?
when he is dependent
58
pity
compassion
59
the only natural virtue that the most excessive detractor of human virtues was forced to recognize?
compassion
60
what engenders ego-centrism?
reason
61
what strengthens ego-centrism?
reflection
62
what isolates the thinker?
philosophy
63
amour-propre
self-love
64
to what does Rousseau attribute their violence?
social conventions, not sin
65
what is the physical part of love?
is that general desire which urges the sexes to union with each other
66
what is the moral part of love?
that which determines and fixes this desire exclusively upon one particualr object or at least a greater degree of energy toward the object thus preferred
67
Don Quixote
Cervantes
68
Rousseau's rebellious attitude
"the first man who, having enclose a piece of ground bethought himself of saying this is mine, and found people simple enough to believe him, was the real founder of civil society."
69
what makes us free?
general will
70
what led to inequality, conflict, war, obsessive and insidious compulsion to compare oneself with others, leading to greed and jealous?
property
71
amour de soi
love of self, which does not involve seeing oneself as others see one.
72
amour propre
self love, Rousseau thought that amour-propre was subject to corruption, thereby causing vice and misery.
73
Grotius justification of slavery
If an individual, says Grotius, can alienate his liberty and make himself the slave of a master, why could not a whole people do the same and make itself subject to a king?
74
despots insatiable greed
It will be said that the despot guarantees civil peace to his subjects. So be it. But how are they the gainers if the wars to which his ambition may expose them, his insatiable greed, and the vexatious demands of his Ministers cause them more loss than would any out-break of internal dissension? How do they benefit if the very condition of civil peace be one of the causes of their wretchedness?
75
even if a man can alienate himself, he cannot alienate his ___.
children
76
what is a war a link between?
things rather than between men that constitutes war
77
who claimed that "war is the health of the state"?
Randolph Bourne
78
what is war between?
not between man and man, but between states
79
war without a declaration is___?
brigandage, illegal plunder
80
where does the right of conquest find its sole sanction?
Law of the Strongest
81
what must guide the child?
experience, not law, instinct, not wisdom, must guide the child
82
according to Hollowell what is an incontrovertible rule?
the first impulses of nature are always right
83
what is Rousseau's problem?
"is to find a form of association which will defend and protect with the whole common force the person and goods of each associate, and in which each, while uniting himself with all, may still obey himself alone, and remains as free as before
84
what happens to someone who refuses to obey the general will?
they shall be compelled to do so by the whole body
85
transcendental ego
universal "I" of the German Idealist
86
what does Hallowell notes that the social compact creates?
a moral and collective body, a body politic that "now acts int he place of the individual personality of each contracting party."
87
according to Hegel who is the State?
God
88
According to Rousseau, why is the law not unjust?
because no one is unjust to himself
89
what does Jacques Maritain call Rousseau's finest myth?
"we might call it the myth of political pantheism. the general will...is the common selfs own will, born of the sacrifice each has made of himself and all his rights on the altar of the city. truth to tell here is the question of a kind of immanent God mysteriously evoked by the operation of the pact
90
festial of reason
"to celebrate the triumph won by reason over the prejudices of 18 centuries"
91
who is the central figure in modern philosophy?
Immanuel Kant
92
who set the terms for much of 19 and 20 cent philosophy and continues to exercise a significant influence today in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields?
Immanuel Kant
93
what is the fundamental idea of Kant's critical philosophy?
1. the critique of pure reason,
2. the critique of practical reason,
3. the critique of power of judgment
94
what is the final end of nature according to the teleological worldview of reflecting judgment that Kant introduces to unify the theoretical and practical parts of his philosophical system?
scientific knowledge, morality, and religious belief are mutually consistent and secure because they all rest on the same foundation of human autonomy
95
John Rawls
his notion that a good, tolerant liberal should acknowledge that the enjoys certain educational, professional, economic, and other unmerited social advantages over others and should compensate by acting as if a veil of ignorance would prevent him from unfairly profiting form them
96
how did Grotius and Locke view natural law?
binding sovereign and subject s was a law with a specific content with a basis grounded in the empirical nature of man
97
how did Kant view natural law?
has no specific content, with a basis in the nature of man as a moral being but man as a moral being is not, for him, an empirical fact but a logical postulate
98
solipism
human beings make themselves, belong to themselves, and have value in and of themselves
99
idea of not using others
cannot produce a moral code, for only by the light of a moral code can we tell what counts as using others
100
how does post-Kantian liberal mimic Christianity?
by offering a corporate salvation in the name of freedom
101
Eric Hoffer on the intelelctual
“The intellectual knows with every fiber of his being that all men are not equal, and there are few things that he cares for less than a classless society. No matter how genuine the intellectual’s altruism, he regards the common man as a means.”
