final

Question 1

who held office of gonfaloniere?

Answer 1

Piero Soderini

Question 2

Who was chosen s a gonfaloniere for life (1502-1512)?

Answer 2

Piero Soderini

Question 3

What is a gofaloniere?

Answer 3

The Gonfaloniere was the holder of a highly prestigious communal office in medieval and Renaissance Italy, notably in Florence and the Papal States. The name derives from gonfalone, the term used for the banners of such communes.

Question 4

attacks on Rodrigo Borgia (Alexander VI)

Answer 4

Girolamo Savonarola

Question 5

who was executed following a campaign of political and moral reform?

Answer 5

Girolamo Savonarola

Question 6

Who was known for the bonfire of the vanities?

Answer 6

Girolamo Savonarola

Question 7

What are the two recurrent themes in The Prince?

Answer 7

1. The first virtue, has to do with the positive qualities of the prince which include the personal qualities or physical and mental capacity
2. Fortune is a fickle force, that if it is favorable, can bring honor glory to a virtuous prince; if not it must be overcome

Question 8

Who was the illegitimate son of Alexander VI?

Answer 8

Cesare Borgia

Question 9

who was known for his legendary cruelty?

Answer 9

Cesare Borgia

Question 10

Who did Machiavelli depict as a superhuman in his courage?

Answer 10

Cesare Borgia

Question 11

Whose father died from Tertian Fever in the early 1500s?

Answer 11

Cesare Borgia

Question 12

what is the command of the sovereign?

Answer 12

law

Question 13

theory of natural right

Answer 13

obligation of subjects lasts only as long as the sovereign is able to protect them

Question 14

who said “only government, as the representative of unity of the people is the true sovereignty”?

Answer 14

Hobbes

Question 15

nature of artificial man consider:

Answer 15

1. the matter thereof, and the artificer, both which is man
2. how, and by what covenants it is made; what are rights and just power or authority of a sovereign; and what it is that preserveth
3. what is a christian commonwealth
4. what is kingdom of darkness

Question 16

who was the former duke of york?

Answer 16

James II

Question 17

who did Charles II appoint as lord chancellor?

Answer 17

Lord Ashley, Earl of Shaftsbury

Question 18

conflict when Locke was a confidential secretary

Answer 18

conflict with Charles II over his ties with Louis XIV

Question 19

what is the prototypical right?

Answer 19

property: “the Great and Chief End”

Question 20

what did Locke omit?

Answer 20

he failed to draw upon the long history of English constitutionalism

Question 21

what was missing from Locke’s Two Treatises?

Answer 21

a transition explaining how human beings got from mixing their labor with fruit and nuts to a situation were lands are divided by metes and bounds

Question 22

how are conventions kept alive?

Answer 22

consent

Question 23

what is the point of a revolution?

Answer 23

renovation of the constitution

Question 24

what is the two-stage process for determining the general will?

Answer 24

1. unanimity most likely at the second stage
   a. two conditions mst be met
2. findings of basic probability theory
   a. trial by jury
3. continuing doubts about the concept of the general will

Question 25

will of all

Answer 25

1. Rousseau's hostility to subordinate allegiances within the polity a. desire for strong central authority 2. american pluralism takes the opposite view

Question 26

what is wanting from a commonwealth?

Answer 26

first, there wants an established, settled known law secondly, in the state of nature there wants a known and indifferent judge, with authority to determine all differences according to the est law, thirdly, in the state of nature there often wants power to back and support the sentence when right, and give it due execution

Question 27

Locke's limits to government

Answer 27

1. can't be asolutely arbitrary over the lives and fortunes of the people 2. the legislative, or supreme authority, cant assume to itself a power to rule by extemprorary arbitrary decrees, but it is bound to dispense justice and decide the rights of the subject by promulgated standing laws 3. supreme power can't take from any man his property without his content 4. legislative cna transfer the power of making laws to any other hands

Question 28

what does Locke distinguish as the three powers?

Answer 28

legislative, executive, and federative

Question 29

which of the three powers deals with international relations and belongs in the same hands as the executive?

Answer 29

federative

Question 30

emile

Answer 30

1. goal of education: detachment from poisoned life in modern society 2. purposes: either make a committed citizen of a republic or live happily

Question 31

Emile as a benevolent outsider

Answer 31

1. living by rules of national morality 2. self-sufficiency 3. citizen of nowhere 4. attitude toward local community 5. nationalism

Question 32

who was a benevolent outsider?

Answer 32

Emile

Question 33

who marked the rise of the romantic literary genre

Answer 33

Julie

Question 34

social contract theories:

Answer 34

a. what drew humans out of their primeval state was perfectibility, not rational calculation 1. the distinctly human capacity to change and develop, to transform oneself and to be transformed b. Immanuel Kant's admiration for the second discourse

Question 35

The Social Contract:

Answer 35

illegitimacy of existing governments

Question 36

what links the social contract with Emile and other writings?

Answer 36

concept of general will

Question 37

what does the second discourse scoff at?

Answer 37

state of nature as mythic tales told by Hobbes and Locke

Question 38

what is the moral part of love?

Answer 38

that which determines and fixes this desire exclusively upon one particualr object or at least a greater degree of energy toward the object thus preferred

Question 39

idea of universal human rights

Answer 39

1. human equality and rationality taken as a given 2. attitude to Burke 3. Burke's indignation at the treatment of the queen a. political drama 4. Paine refused to engage with Burke's argument 1. goal: a bourgeois commercial republic with a safety net