Exam 4 Flashcards

Question

Types of Wood decay

Answer 1

1. White rot | 2. Brown rot

Answer 2

- infection of outer layer of skin, the nails and hair due to their ability to utilize keratin ex: Dermatophytes

Answer 3

- basidiomycetes 1. Polypore mushrooms (basidiomycetes) - rigid bracket mushrooms - shelf fungus that grows on wood - conks (pores instead of teeth) - Spores produced on underside, often in pores/tubes

Answer 4

- cause candidiasis, or a yeast infection(mycotic disease) - a pathogen that is a normal inhabitant of the body - most important disease agent of the Saccharomycetales - seldom isolated outside the bodies of animals - known from 58 species including wild and domesticated mammals and birds

Answer 5

- Civilization plays a BIG role in the end of bananas - We desire consistency, and the market makes clones - Clones do not allow for genetic diversity - Cultural practices are also to blame - Farmers often re-use equipment - Water drainage facilities are shared between hundreds of plants - Disease spreads fast in water - Bananas have been planted as a monoculture (cultivation of a single crop in a given area)

Answer 6

- “Smuttiness is when the grains of wheat, instead of flour, are full of a black stinking powder” - made a comment on smut of wheat

Answer 7

- farmers were poor, Irish peasants relied heavily on them | - only crop they could grow to feed themselves

Answer 8

1. Mushroom Cultivation and Research 2. Mycroremediation - Trials and prototypes for removing biological and chemical pollutants from soil and water 3. Mycotechnology - Biological Textiles(mycotextiles=biorubber), Mycopesticides, Novel Antibiotics and Fungal Enzymes

Answer 9

- One of the most destructive group of plant pathogens - Biotroph/obligate parasites - One of earliest record of plant disease - Affect all groups of plants, ancient - Among important crops: pines, cereals, coffee, soybean

Answer 10

- cause was "powdery mildews" - first time the grape powdery mildew most likely originated in North America, where it was common on wild grapes came from stock shipped to Europe for hybridization experiments - second time a fungus pathogen also from North America shipped to Europe for insect pest resistance experiments caused "downy mildew"

Answer 11

- ecological restoration using fungi - When mycelium runs out of a nutrient source it activates specific enzymes expressed to degrade many man made persistant pollutants, can be trained to break down different things such as motor oil

Answer 12

1. Direct contact with infected host (human or animal) 2. Direct or indirect contact with infected exfoliated skin or hair in combs, hair brushes, clothing, furniture, theatre seats, caps, bed linens, towels, hotel rugs, and locker room floors (wear flip-flops) - Depending on the species the organism may be viable in the environment for up to 15 months - Increased susceptibility to infection when there is a preexisting injury to the skin such as scars, burns, excessive temperature, and humidity.

Answer 13

- Anthrophilic - causes ringworm fungus on different parts of the body - appears worldwide on scalp, body "shower sites", occasionally

Answer 14

- Fungi enter the skin and subcutaneous tissue as a result of traumatic implantation or contamination of open wounds - Common type of subcutaneous mycosis seen worldwide is sporotrichosis - Many fungi common soils inhabitants. More commonly problems where people do no wear shoes

Answer 15

- fungal diseases of animals | - fungi with enzymes that are capable of utilizing human flesh or body fluids to nourish their own growth

Answer 16

- Bananas are a monoculture - All Cavendish bananas are a clone, which makes them very susceptible to disease - It can be spread via contaminated soil equipment (machinery, tools, etc.) - People in poorer countries rely on bananas as a main component of their diets - The end of bananas would also lead to starvation, much like the Irish Potato Famine

Answer 17

1. oyster | 2. Parasol

Answer 18

- when roots of elms fuse together, caused by the fungus spreading through the roots - if infected through root grafts - trees wilt and die rapidly - Disease progresses from base upward

Answer 19

- Egyptians stored enough grains to get through the lean years, but the tribes of Israel did not have enough when there was crop failure no wheat alternative (wheat rust) - Israelites moved to Egypt in search of food, at first welcomed but has years passed were scorned and subjected to brutal oppression - Eventually they escaped into the desert under Moses leadership

Answer 20

- Percolating water through stacked modules needed to increase filtration properties based on lab results - using fungi as biological filtration (water filter) - fungi make micronfilter that is self healing and can stop the spread of microorganisms such as E coli

Answer 21

- Ireland was very reliant on potatoes and there was less growth of them - caused huge famine in Ireland because England taxed them and took their food while they starved - eventually US began giving them staple crop of corn, but their digestive systems were not used to it and it took painful weeks to readjust - caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans

Answer 22

1. Stand openings due to root and butt rots - favors regeneration 2. Wild-life habitat - provide food and homes 3. Nutrient cycling 4. Food source - lions mane or chicken of the woods 5. Medicinal and cultural uses - the basidiocarps of a large number of species of wood decay fungi are used medicinally - Ganoderma lucidum - Ling Chi, Reishi - up to 12 species of Phellinus have been used in herbal medicine

Answer 23

- the Romans created the gods “Robigo” and “Robigus” to protect wheat from the wheat leaf rust fungus, which has reddish-colored spores. - The Robigalia festival was held in April to protect the fields from this disease.

Answer 24

- found the cause of the potato blight agent Phytophthora infestans - fungus survived as hyphae in previously infected tubers (potatoes) and plant parts

Answer 25

1. Chestnut Blight 2. Dutch Elm Disease - both introduced to North America on plant material from other parts of the world

Answer 26

- decay in living trees - decay that develops primarily in the heartwood or inner wood of living trees. - eventually arrive at heart wood where they can weaken tree - increases susceptibility of wind throws - some heart-rot and butt rot fungi can eventually attack functional vascular tissue

Answer 27

1. Native elm bark beetle 2. European elm bark beetle - Beetles create galleries and when they do they inoculate fungus into the tree where it grows, and then it provides food for the beetle larvae - Fungus clogs up vascular system

Answer 28

- Standards for Determining Loading Capacity | - The greatest amount of a pollutant that a water can assimilate and still meet water quality standards

Answer 29

- ringworm of the beard

Answer 30

- Cavendish bananas

Answer 31

- ‘chicken of the woods’ - overlapping caps - pores on underside - no stalk - attached to wood - saprotrophic to weakly parasitic - Fruiting bodies do not appear until well after the fungus has attacked the tree - Infected trees very prone to wind breakage even before the fungus begins to form fruiting structures and should be removed at the first sign of infection. - rot on all areas of the wood but the smallest branches of host tree

Answer 32

- caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis - A chronic skin infection that erodes the skin surface - Common in the eastern and central U.S. and in Africa - Often found in decaying wood and abandoned buildings - Begins as a lung infection caused by inhalation of the conidia - The conidia transform into the yeast form, where they can lead to abscesses in the lung

Answer 33

- Wearing shoes can help prevent foot diseases, and the long-term physical and cognitive harm they cause - Many times children cannot attend school because shoes are a required part of their uniform - With shoes they are given the chance to reach their full potential

Answer 34

1. Superficial/Cutaneous 2. Subcutaneous 3. Systemic

Answer 35

- fungus found on rose thorns, hay, sphagnum moss, twigs, and soil - Often occurs in gardeners, farmers, others in direct contact with soil - Chronic infection caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii through wounds, cannot penetrate intact skin - common injury by gardeners is prick by rose thorn

Answer 36

- Another type of rust on wheat is threatening the world - wheat stem rust, specifically strain Ug99, - first detected in Uganda, Africa. - It has spread to areas where the plants have little resistance to the pathogen/ fungus.

Answer 37

- caused by fungus Coccidioides immitis - Soil fungus that can produce cold-like respiratory disease, flu-like and recoverable, not serious - It can grow in the lung and lead to infections throughout the body, inhalation of spores - May spread to brain, bone, esp in suppressed immune systems, African-Americans - In the U.S. it occurs almost exclusively in the Southwest - desert areas throughout the western hemisphere - known as Valley fever because in US very common in San Joaquin valley of California - Endemic in NA, SA where arid, in soil, infects animals thus constant inoculum, outbreaks where soil disturbed - Occupational hazards are in those occupations in the exposure to soil dust - Must inhale copious amount of spores - Symptoms are variable, but often the patient has a reaction to the circulating fungus, producing reddening of the skin known as "desert bumps"

Answer 38

- Cellulose and hemicellulose are selectively removed by fungus, lignin is slightly modified(virtually untouched) - Wood becomes dark and cubical, reddish brown to golden brown color due to the residual lignin - Brown rot fungi comprise 10% of all wood-decay fungi - 80% of brown rot fungi occur on conifers

Answer 39

- Coffee has been a popular beverage in Europe - But, in the 1800s, the fungal disease “coffee rust” devastated the British coffee plantations in Ceylon(now Sri Lanka) - British switched to growing and drinking tea

Answer 40

- imported pathogen - Both sexual and asexual state have spores that are formed in sticky masses so they stick to insects for dispersal - asexual spores - asci with ascospores

Answer 41

1. Ganoderma lucidum | 2. Heterobasison annosum

Answer 42

- Bananas are a staple food, all around the world. | - In poorer countries, bananas constitute a large portion of daily caloric intake

Answer 43

1. Inonotus means "fibrous" (ino-) and "ear-like" (ot-) 2. dryadeus means "oak" (dryad-) - Widely distributed on oak, elm, and maple - common at bases of older, living oaks - parasitic - will decrease tree health over time, thin crown from degraded roots - weakens the tree and may lead to a more serious butt rot

Answer 44

- Root rot pathogens spread through mycelia across root contacts or by wind-blown spores

Answer 45

- Fungi usually present in the soil, enters through a wound - Usually acquired while performing agricultural work - Generally afflicts men between 20 and 40 years old - Infects subcutaneous tissues - Normally starts in the foot or hand and moves up the leg or arm - Results in destruction, deformity and loss of function - Occasionally fatal

Answer 46

- Reishi or Lingzhi - causes white rot - Saprotrophic, on dead, decaying plant material - Annual growth - Ganoderma = having a "shiny or lustrous skin“

Answer 47

- when all three are optimal disease will occur 1. Susceptible host 2. Pathogen 3. Favorable Environment

Answer 48

- Panama Blight has spread into Asia, Australia, Africa, and across the Middle East - At this rate, it will ultimately end up in Latin America, the largest producer of bananas in the world, home to both Dole and Chiquita fruit companies

Answer 49

1. Sporotrichosis | 2. Eumycetoma or “Madura Foot”

Answer 50

- most people harbor a yeast(s) as part of our normal intestinal and urogenital mycota - may result in severe infection; even systemic (candidiasis)

Answer 51

- wheat smut was second only to rust as cereal crop destroyers, reduced yields up to 50% - Called stinking smut because infected grains smell fishy - To salvage infected grain, molasses added to cover dark color and ginger used to mask color - smell and taste = gingersnaps!

Answer 52

- The Cavendish has been the #1 banana ever since “Tropical Race 4” wiped out the Gros Michel

Answer 53

- first fungicide was developed | - noticed lush, disease-free grapes and sprayed them with a mixture of copper sulfate and lime (Bordeaux mixture)

Answer 54

- caused by fungus pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica - introduced in the NY Zoological Garden in the Bronx (Herman Merkel found odd cankers on the Am Chestnut trees in the park) - rapid and sudden death of many branches stems and trees - asexual and sexual reproduction via ascospores - was the beginning of the end for American Chestnut trees in North American forests! - major forest tree(Am chestnuts) had been reduced to multiple-stemmed forest shrub - to cope with disease breed blight resistant oriental chestnuts with american chestnuts to get hybrids that grow like american but have blight resistance (backcrossing) - no control attempts (chemical treatments, clearing, burning infection sites) were successful

Answer 55

- Blake befriended children in Argentina and found they had no shoes to protect their feet. - He created TOMS Shoes and the One for One program to help these children - For every pair of shoes bought a pair is donated to a child in need - As of April 2018, TOMS has given over 75,000,000 pairs of new shoes to children in need around the world

Answer 56

- Fungus Fusarium oxysporum - phylum: Ascomycota - infects the roots of banana plants - Clogs the xylem, causing leaves to wilt and the plant to rot

Answer 57

- soil-transmitted diseases, especially Madura foot | - which can penetrate the skin through bare feet

Answer 58

1. Poisons - Toxins in mushrooms e.g. protoplasmic toxins, neurotoxins 2. Mycotoxins - Aflotoxins due to Aspergillus flavus growing on improperly stored grain 3. Immune response - Hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions (fungi act as antigens) 4. Mycoses (singular, mycosis) - Infections found in or on the body (opportunistic)

Answer 59

- human respiratory disease caused by fungus Histoplasma capsulatum - Occurs throughout the world - In the U.S., it is most common in the southeastern, mid-Atlantic, and central states - exposure to bird feces, chicken farmers highest risk - spores are inhaled and the fungus begins its life as a human pathogen in the lungs of its victim - Grows as a mold in the soil, and infection results from breathing in airborne particles - early on disease symptoms were mistaken for tuberculosis - prescribed antibiotics, that usually worsened the disease due to the lack of competition for the fungus

Answer 60

- on wood 1. Growth forms are annual(yearly) or perennial(any time of year) 2. Texture: - Soft/fleshy - Woody - Papery - Cartilaginous

Answer 61

- Oral candidiasis | - Candida albicans infection of the mouth

Answer 62

- Industrial monoculture

Answer 63

- diseases of the skin and other keratinized tissue - most frequently contracted in people - superficial/cutaneous mycoses - Dermatophytes cause infections commonly known as athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm. - caused by fungus in Microsporum or Trichophyton spp. each very specific in its ability to attack skin on a limited part of the body - When referring to these infections, the term tinea, along with the area of body involved, is used - Tinea is Latin for worm or grub because the infections were originally thought to be caused by worm-like parasites

Answer 64

- ringworm of the scalp (head)

Answer 65

- Weeping conk, polypore

Answer 66

- had a pop of about 8 million and by 2011 there is about 4.487 million - strong resentment between the Irish and English - from fear of another famine many families left and moved (emigration of the Irish) - Irish influences on US(North America) and Canada - "Paddies" were not welcome in N.A by people, only employers who needed manual labor accepted them. Participation in the Am Civil War helped Irish overcome social barriers - origin of the plant pathology discipline

Answer 67

- penetrate below the skin to involve the subcutaneous, connective, and bone tissue - Infection of subcutaneous tissues from the traumatic implantation of the fungus into the skin

Answer 68

- grew asexually, so fungicides and disease resistant varieties could protect the potato crop - compatible mating type in Europe, NA and SA - sexual reproduction allowed for rapid change - resistant potatoes were no longer resistant to fungicides - still a problem because the pathogen undergoes sexual reproduction, making fungicides no longer effective and resistance varieties no longer resistant. - tomatoes are a good host

Answer 69

- the fungus pathogen Plasmopara viticola caused a leaf and fruit disease called "downy mildew" - nearly destroyed the European wine industry - powdery white substance on vines and fruit of grapes which rotted and died - destroyed 80% of grapes in vineyards

Answer 70

- Mushroom Mountain - environmental and economic pursuits - CEO is Olga Cotter - President is Trad Cotter

Answer 71

- Caused by Trichophyton rubrum - Nails also contain keratin - “tinea unguium” = ringworm of the nails - cure with Lamisil oral prescription

Answer 72

- Grow on wood - cause White rot - root rotter - “shelf fungus” or stipitate - Woody, perennial growth(any time of the year) 1. G. Applanatum - “Artist’s conk” because of very fine pores 2. G. lucidum - Reishi or Lingzhi, Chinese medicinal mushroom

Answer 73

1. Red-brown butt rot 2. Velvet top 3. Cow pie polypore 4. Dyer’s polypore 5. Brown rot

Answer 74

- some can break down bone, old hooves, horns

Answer 75

- tinea pedis - dermatophyte - superficial/cutaneous mycoses - caused by Trichophyton rubrum - Occurs where moisture and warm temperatures persist - like jock itch its a product of our modern lifestyle, tight clothing and shoes provide a warm and moist env for fungi to flourish! - starts in the webbing between the fourth and fifth toes

Answer 76

- caused by Trichophyton rubrum - dermatophyte - superficial/cutaneous mycoses - Common diagnosis for hair loss in pets - lesions on the skin develop as discrete circles with raised red margins - can also contract on skin or hair, easily spread to children/people in general - "Tinea capitis”(ringworm of the scalp), tinea pedis (feet), tine unguium (nails), or “tinea corporis" (ringworm of the body)

Answer 77

- Gymnosporangium juniperi f. sp. virginianae | * dont need to memorize

Answer 78

- True yeast infection, Canida albicans pathogen - Systemic or superficial infections - Most common cause of fungal infections worldwide - Occur on (skin)/ in (mouth, gastrointestinal tract) humans - If problems in stomach (mucosal barrier) or immune compromised can cause infection - Systemic infection- can be life threatening, treat with systemic antifungal drugs (hard on organs, antifungal resistance)

Answer 79

- infection of the skin on the inner thighs - superficial/cutaneous mycoses - dermatophyte - caused by Trichophytum rubrum - tinea cruris= ringworm fungus of the groin

Answer 80

- Cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose removed at approx. equal rates by fungus - Wood becomes pale (bleached) and stringy - Predominant form of wood rot - largest group of wood-rot fungi in Basidiomycota or Ascomycota - more common in deciduous trees

Answer 81

- Killed many of the North American elm trees, still trying to control disease - Name refers to ID of the disease in the Netherlands - monocultures introduced the pathogen

Answer 82

- Occur in Eastern and Midwest North America - Wisconsin contains the majority of outbreaks - Patients with Blastomycosis in South Carolina usually are located in the Northwestern part of the state - Dogs infected, esp hunting dogs

Answer 83

- biotrophs/obligate parasites | - clouds of smut spores

Answer 84

- proved for the first time that a human disease was caused by a microorganism - identified the species Trichophyton schoenleinii as the cause of a disease known as favus or ringworm

Answer 85

- Loblolly pine monoculture | - Fusiform rust of loblolly pine

Answer 86

- diseases known as stem rust, leaf rust and stripe rust on cereal grains such as wheat, barley, rye and oats - associated with the Biblical days - one of the oldest records of plant disease

Answer 87

- often none, or variable, overlap other diseases (cough, fever; tuberculosis) - May affect lungs, skin - Endemic to OH and MS river basins, esp. in soil contaminated with bird, bat droppings - histoplasma spores - referenced by Johnny Cash in "Beans for Breakfast“, House, Dexter - Bob Dylan lies critically ill with a case of histoplasmosis and brought awareness to the serious threat of fungi

Exam 4 Flashcards

(111 cards)