Exam 4 Flashcards
(219 cards)
1
Q
Abdomen
A
Section of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis
2
Q
Abdominal Regions
A
Right/Left Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right/Left Lumbar, Umbilical, Right/Left Inguinal, and Hypogastric/Pubic
3
Q
Why are the Abdominal Regions important?
A
Help to describe the locations of abdominal organs and pathologies, including the location of symptoms such as pain
4
Q
Transpyloric Plane
A
Anteriorly crosses tips of 9th costal cartilages and posteriorly lower 1st lumbar vertebra, many organs found here (pylorus, superior part of duodenum, duodenojejunal flexure, fundus of gallbladder)
5
Q
What is beneath the Muscle Layer?
A
The transversal is fascia (extraperitoneal fat) and the peritoneum (deeper layer)
6
Q
What are the two fasciae beneath the skin?
A
Fatty Fascia (Campers Fascia) and the Deep Membranous Layer (Scarpas Fascia)
7
Q
What is the Superficial Perineal Fascia
A
Also called Colle’s Fascia, attaches to the ischiopubic rami of the hip bone and fuses laterally to the deep fascia of the thigh
8
Q
Lumbar Puncture
A
Needle inserted into the back either superior or inferior to the spinous process, L3-L5 vertebrae, purpose to withdraw CSF
9
Q
Superficial Abdominal Muscle Innervation
A
6 lower intercostal nerves and L1
10
Q
Function of Superficial Muscles
A
Compress abdominal viscera, flex and rotate the trunk (lumbar vertebrae), expiratory muscles
11
Q
External Abdominal Oblique Muscles
A
On the 5-12 ribs, fibers point towards the pubic symphysis, assists in exhaling, is part of forming the thicker structure called the Iguinal Ligament
12
Q
Internal Abdominal Oblique Muscles
A
Fan shaped muscle, fibers point towards breast, assists in exhaling, forming part of the rectus sheath (cranial and middle and caudal sections)
13
Q
Cremaster Muscle
A
Spermatic cord a continuation of the caudal section, reflex innervation femoral branch of the genitogmeoral nerve and/or inguinal nerve (Afferent) and genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, L1-L2 (Efferent)
14
Q
Transversus Abdominis
A
Runs transversely and merges into the aponeurosis, forming the posterior layer of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line, innervation intercostal nerves T7-T11
15
Q
Rectus Abdominis
A
Stabilizes pelvis and supports the abdominal viscera, helps with expirations and rotation of trunk, contraction can produce force, innervated by intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve (T7-T12)
16
Q
Pyramidalis
A
Small, triangular muscle that lies anterior to the inferior section of the rectus abdomens in the rectus sheath but can be absent in some people, though to tense up the linea alba
17
Q
Rectus Sheath
A
Aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles (external and internal obliques) surrounding the rectus abdominis, terminates in curved edge, arcuate line
18
Q
Contents of Rectus Sheath
A
Rectus abdominis muscle, inferior/superior epigastric vessels, pyramidalis, lymphatic muscles, anterior primary rami of five lower intercostal nerves (including subcostal)
19
Q
Vessels/Innervation of Rectus Sheath
A
Inferior/Superior epigastric vessels, subcostal nerve, costal nerve
20
Q
Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal Nerves
A
Not in the rectus sheath, innervate the pubic area,
external genitalia and medial and upper parts of the thigh
21
Q
Inguinal Ligament
A
At iliac crest, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique rolls on itself to form this ligament
22
Q
Superficial Inguinal Ring
A
Opening the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique in the inferomedial section, directly above the inguinal ligament, attaches to front of pubic symphysis
23
Q
Deep Inguinal Ring
A
Opening in the Transversalis Fascia, in the hypogastric region
24
Q
Transversalis Fascia
A
Deep fascia beneath the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
25
Inguinal Canal
Lies within the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles, contains the spermatic cord or the round ligament of the uterus
26
Cryptorchidism
The absence of one or both testes in the scrotum, due to failure of the testes to descend in the inguinal canal during development
27
Hernia
Break of small or large intestine that pushes out
28
Most Common Type of Herniation?
Direct and indirect inguinal hernias
29
Indirect Hernia's
Lateral to epigastric vessels, passes through the inguinal canal (inside spermatic cord), high risk of strangulation/ infarct, congenital and acquired, in younger people, bigger in size
30
Direct Hernia's
Medial to epigastric vessels, don't pass through the inguinal canal (parallels spermatic cord), low risk of strangulation/ infarct, are almost always acquired, middle age man (over 40), smaller in size
31
Umbilical Hernia
Can happen to newborn's due to e=weak abdominal walls
32
Omental (Epiploic) Foramen or Foramen of Winslow
Site of internal herniation and strangulation of part of intestine into the lesser sac, surgery should be done from the other side and not touching the ports hepatic, and the artery to gall bladder (cystic artery) can be reached through this foramen
33
Peritoneum
Serous membrane, lines the body cavities, think layer of simple squamous epithelium, two layers (parietal and visceral)
34
Intraperitoneal Organs
Connected to the peritoneum, stomach, spleen, parts of intestines
35
Retroperitoneal Organs
Lie behind the peritoneum, partly covered on one surface, Suprarenal (adrenal) glands, Aorta/Inferior Vena Cava, Duodenum (second and third segments), Pancreas, Ureters, Colon (ascending and descending only), Kidneys, Esophagus, Rectum
36
Mesentery
Double layer of peritoneum containing the blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and fat, connects intestines to posterior abdominal wall for a neurovascular connection between the organ and the body wall
37
Mesentery Root
From the L2 vertebra to the ileocecal junction
38
How to gain access to lesser sac and posterior wall of stomach?
Cut through the transverse mesocolon which raises when the greater omentum raises
39
Second Large Intestine Mesentery
Sigmoid Mesocolon
40
Lesser Omentum Location
Between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the ports hepatic of the liver
41
Greater Omentum
Apron-like fold of peritoneum, extending downward toward greater curvature of the stomach, and then passes behind the transverse colon, and attaches to the posterior abdominal wall
42
Greater Omentum Function
Prevents the visceral peritoneum from adhering to the parietal peritoneum, protects against infection or inflammatory confidants, can move toward an infected area waling off infections and forms adhesions, can act as an insulator
43
Example of the Greater Omentum in Action
During appendicitis, greater omentum moves toward the infected and enlarged appendix and surrounds it so that if rupture occurs the consequences are lessened
44
Subphrenic Spaces Location
Between the diaphragm and the liver on both sides of the falciform ligament
45
Right Subphrenic Space
Hepatorenal pouch of Morison, site of fluid accumulation during complications, respiratory problems can occur particularly after surgery (peritonitis)
46
Paracolic Gutters or Recesses
Supracolic and infracolic compartments are connected by this, which lies between the posterolateral abdominal wall and the lateral aspect of the ascending or descending colon
47
Rectouterine Pouch
In females, deep part of the pelvic cavity and is the site of fluid accumulation (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
48
Pouch Behind Urinary Bladder (Male and Female)
Rectovesical Pouch and Vesicouterine Pouch
49
Peritonitis
Inflammation and pain of the peritoneum after abdominal inner, perforated ulcer or infections like appendicitis
50
Ascites
The peritoneum exudates fluid and cells in response to injury or infection (liver cirrhosis)
51
Paracentesis
Puncturing the peritoneal cavity for aspiration of the fluid
52
Beer Belly
Called Ascites, increase in blood pressure of portal view, fluid now into interstitial space, affects those with liver cirrhosis and treatment is paracentesis
53
Where is the esophagus, stomach and intestine derived from?
The primordial foregut,
| midgut and hindgut
54
Esophagus Location
C6 to T10/T12 and lies on the vertebral column
55
3 Esophagus Narrowings
Upper sphincter, Aortic narrowing, Diaphragmatic narrowing
56
Esophagus Function
Transporting the bolus to the stomach
57
Esophagus Innervation
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic (Vagus)
58
Cardia
Location of esophagus meeting the stomach
59
Blood Supply of Esophagus
Inferior Thyroid Artery (Upper)
Thoracic Aorta/Bronchiole Arteries (Middle)
Left Gastric Artery/Inferior Phrenic Artery (Lower)
60
Esophagus Drainage
Inferior thyroid vein, azygos, hemiazaygos, and gastric veins (gastric veins are draining into portal vein, via Porto Caval Anastomosis)
61
Esophagus Cell Type
Stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium (at the Cardia switches to columnar, due to more acidic environment)
62
Esophageal Varices
Patients with liver cirrhosis, bleeding in the esophagus
63
Esophageal Atresia
Distal end of esophagus is closed, congenital, treatment is to cut section and reconnect the esophagus
64
Achalasia
Failure of sphincter muscles to open, results in cardio spasm and fluid build up and creates a mega esophagus
65
Barrett's Esophagus
Sphincter is not tight and acid from stomach causes metaplasia of squamous epithelium due to acid injury, can cause cancer, acquired
66
Stomach Parts
Fundus, body, pyloric antrum
67
Cardia of Stomach
Location of heartburn
68
Stomach Function
Hold food as a reservoir and assist in some digestion
69
Food in Stomach
Receptive relaxation controlled by vagus nerve, next is retropulsion (mixing), caudad and distal antrum are contracting, caudad region sends food to duodenum
70
Stomach Digestion
Mechanical (3 layers of muscles to churn) and enzymatic (breaks down proteins)
71
3 Muscle Layers of Stomach
Longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, oblique muscle layer overlying the mucosa
72
Sphincters of the Stomach
Lower Esophageal Sphincters or Cardiac Sphincter and Pyloric Sphincter
73
Cells of Stomach
Top layer is the simple columnar epithelium
74
Histology of Stomach
Gastric pit and gland, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscles layers, myenteric plexus, serosa
75
Gastric Pit Cells
Parental, Chief and Enteroendrocrine (G)
76
Chief Cells
Produce pepsinogen
77
Pepsinogn
Protein splitting enzyme active by HCl in the stomach which turns it into pepsin to break down the food
78
Parietal Cells
Produce HCl and intrinsic factor
79
G Cells
Produce gastrin, to stimulate acid secretion and growth of parietal cells
80
Section of Gastric Juices
Nervous section by the vagus nerve activated by state smell and sight, gastric sectarian stimulated by food ingestion
81
Blood Supply of the Stomach
Left gastric artery - Celiac artery
Right gastric artery - common hepatic artery, short gastric artery, the left gastro
epiploic artery - splenic artery
Right gastroepiploic artery - gastro-duodenal artery common hepatic artery
82
Drainage of the Stomach
Left and right gastric veins, the splenic vein (the left gastroepiploic vein and short gastric veins) which all drain to portal vein
83
Lymphatics of the Stomach
Gastric and celiac nodes
84
Innervation stomach
Parasympathetic (vagus nerve, motor, secretomotor, sensory) and Sympathetic (Splanchnic Nerves, inhibit peristalsis and gastric secretion and cause pain or pyloric contraction)
85
Vomiting Increasing Stomach pH
Metabolic alkalosis may result in vomiting, preventing the gastric H+ from reaching small intestine and pancreas section is missing so blood is now alkaline
86
Hiatal Hernia
protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Often painful and mixed with other chest pains including the cardiac ischemia
87
2 main types of Hiatal Hernia
Sliding and paraesophageal
88
Sliding Hiatal Hernia
when abdominal part of the esophagus and cardia and even part of the fundus slide up through the esophageal hiatus. *Regurgitation and heart b
89
Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia
Cardia doesn't move but part of the fundus and
| peritoneum passes through the esophageal hiatus. *Usually no regurgitation
90
Gastric Ulcers Not Responding to Drugs
Clip part of the vagus nerve because it is in charge of secretion of HCl
91
What is needed to have an Ulcer?
Acid
92
Sympathetic Innervation of Stomach
Splanchnic nerves, celiac ganglion, which are to inhibit peristalsis and pyloric contraction and gastric secretion
93
Operation Performed to Correct Gastroesophageal Reflux
Fundoplication, upper portion of the stomach (the fundus) is wrapped (plicated)
around the lower portion of the esophagus and anchored securely below the diaphragm
94
Gastritis
Inflammation of the gastric mucosa which is erosive or non-erosive, can be chronic or acute (due to infection or toxicity)
95
Hypertriophic Gastritis
Giant rugal folds simulating cancer, mucosa is atrophic and associated protein loss, also called Menetrier's Disease
96
Gastric Ulcers
Due to defective mucosal barrier, on the lesser curvature, has a pain which is increased by eating, vagotomy is surgical procedure
97
Vagotomy
Treating gastric ulcers not responding to drudger perforated ulcers, control gastric secretion, pylorus, reroute or remove so gastrin production is less
98
Surgical treatment of Gastric Ulcers
Hemigastrectomy, Billroth I and II, vagotomy and antrectomy
99
Postvagotomy Syndrome
Alkaline reflux gastritis, Afferent loop syndrome, Dumping syndromes
100
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Progressive hypertrophy of circular muscles in pyloric
sphincter, causing a narrow pyloric lumen which may obstruct food passage, male infants
Treatment - Longitudinal pyloromyotomy, leaving the mucosa intact
101
Small Intestine Function
Digestion and absorption, enzymatic breakdown
102
Contractions in Small Intestine
Segmental (back and forth) and Peristaltic or Propulsive (in one direction)
103
Small Intestine Parts
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum, duodenum is almost entirely retroperitoneal, Jejunum and ileum are mobile and are intraperitoneal
104
Small Intestine Wall
Serosa, Musculares Externa, Submucosa, Mucosa
105
Small Intestine Cells
Simple columnar epithelial tissue with mucous producing cells
106
Villi
Fingerlike extensions of the epithelium and lamina propria that increase the mucosal surface
107
Duodenum
L1/L3 to T12, C shaped and around the pancreas, 4 parts
108
Functions of Duodenum
Regulation of gastric and gallbladder emptying in response to acidic chyme
109
Ulcer Common Location
Duodenum
110
Duodenum Ulcers
Frequent due to increased acid production in stomach
111
Bruner's Glands
Produce an alkaline solution in duodenum, to protect mucosa from acidic chyme and optimize pH for pancreas enzymes
112
1st Part of Duodenum
Contains duodenal cap and common site for ulcers
113
3rd Part of Duodenum
Crossed by the superior mesenteric artery and vein and anterior to IVC and abdominal aorta
114
2nd Part of Duodenum
Has the major duodenal papilla, common opening for the common bile duct, and the main pancreatic duct, contains sphincter of Oddi
115
4th Part of Duodenum
Has the duodenojejunal flexure at L1/L2
116
Mobility of Duodenum
The beginning of the 1st part and part of the 4th part are covered by the peritoneum (have some mobility) the rest of duodenum is not mobile
117
Hormones of the Duodenum (regulate gallbladder and stomach)
Secretin, cholecystokinin, enterogastrone
118
Secretin
Inhibits gastric secretion
119
Cholecystokinin
Interacts with liver and induces gallbladder contraction after interaction with fatty chyme
120
Enterogastrone
Inhibits stomach peristalsis
121
Peyer's Patches
Important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines, especially in the ileum
122
Treitz Ligament
Used in surgery to locate the duodenojejunal flexure, which can cause obstruction which will have bile stained vomiting
123
Blood Supply to Duodenum
Branches of the celiac trunk via the gastroduodenal artery and superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
124
Innervation of Duodenum
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic, submucosal plexus of Meissner and myenteric plexus of Auerbach, vagus nerve
125
Duodenal Atresia
discontinuity of the lumen owing to failed recanalization, bile-containing vomitus and distended stomach, double bubble sign
126
Kerchkring Folds
Project into lumen of the gut and increase surface area
127
Jejunum
Begins at the duodenojejunal junction, absorption of the digested food, particularly folate
128
Jejunum Characteristics
Left upper quadrant, more vascular, red color, thick wall, long vasa recta, less Arcades, less fat, window in the mesentery, no or very few payer's patches, large and many circular folds
129
Ileum
Ends at ileocecal junction, absorption of the digested food, particularly B12
130
Ileum Characteristics
Right lower quadrant, less vascular, pale pink, thin wall, short vasa recta, more arcades, more fat, no window in the mesentery, many peyer's patches, low and fewer circular folds.
131
Blood Supply of Small Intestine
Various branches of the superior mesenteric artery, called jejunal and ill arteries
132
Drainage of the Small Intestine
Carried by the superior mesenteric vein to portal vein and liver
133
Innervation of Small Intestine
Sympathetic (splanchnic nerves) to inhibit peristalsis and contraction of ileocecal sphincter, parasympathetic (vagus nerve) to cause peristalsis and glandular secretion
134
Meckel's Diverticulum
Pouch formed in allium, congenital, vitelline duct that connects the yolk sac and primitive gut, duct disappears normally, symptoms of it remaining are similar to appendicitis , ulceration and GI bleeding, biopsy of pouch L5
135
Large Intestine
Longitudinal muscles in 3 bands, has teniae which results in haustras
136
Large Intestine Function
Water absorption
137
Ileocecal Junction
Complication when herniated small intestine in this area
138
Vermiform Appendix
Can be inflamed and irritate peritoneum, and build up fluid, sympathetic nerves, appendectomy uses McBurney's point, and saves the iliohypogastric nerve. if not muscle weakness and direct inguinal hernia will result
139
Blood Supply of Colon
Ileococlic artery, cecal artery, appeniduclar right colic and middle colic arteries
140
Marginal Arteries
Important due to connection if blockage of mesenteric arteries
141
Rectum
Alimentary tract, follows convexity of sacral flexure and is S shaped from lateral view
142
Puborectalis Function
Muscle for continued fecal continence, part of levatotr and muscle, called rectal sling, contracts during peristaltic contraction
143
Houston's Valves
Three Transverse Rectal Folds
144
Ampulla
Filleted terminal part of rectum, when filled urges to defecate, maintains integrity
145
Anal Canal
Called Anorectal Junction, terminal part of large intestine
146
Cell types of Anal Canal
Simple columnar until pectinate line and then stratified squamous
147
Blood Supply of Anal Canal/Rectum
Superior rectal artery muddle rectal artery inferior rectal artery
148
Veins of Anal Canal/Rectum
Superior rectal vein drains into inferior mesenteric vein and portal vein, middle and inferior rectal veins drain into internal iliac vein
149
Portocaval Anastomoses
Body has a bypass or alternative pathways to gut for blood, but will have complications when used, such as rectal vertices
150
Innervation of Rectum/Anal Canal
Sympathetic (subhypogastric plexus) and Parasympathetic for stretching, inferior rectal nerve responds to pain touch and temperature
151
Prolapse of Tissue in Anal Canal (internal)
Painless bleeding
152
Prolapse of Tissue in Anal Canal (external)
blood cots in veins, bleeding my inferior rectal branch of Duodendal nerve, more likely if pregnant, chronically constipated or crones disease
153
Hirschsprung's Disease
Congenital megacolon, deficiency of gallino cells in Moisteners submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus of Auerbach, associated with down syndrome and chagas tease, decal retention and abdominal dissection, functional obstruction, colon back up
154
Pancreas
Retroperitoneal, head, neck, body, tail, endocrine and exocrine organ
155
Pancreas Function
Pinkish and glandular accessory digestive gland, which is retroperitoneal and lies
156
Endocrine Secretion of Pancreas
Secretion started by Secretin, increase bicarbonate secretion and cholecystokinin, both simulate bile secretion, and malaise to break down carbs and proteins, all activated in small intestine by enterokinase
157
Exocrine Secretion of Pancreas
Cells in the islets of langerhans, in tail, with glycogen and insulin and somatostatin all which go into the blood
158
Exocrine Secretion Path of Pancreas
Main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the Hepatopancreatic duct and then ampulla of Vater in the wall of the duodenum and open through major duodenal papilla to the 2nd part of the duodenum
159
Blood Supply to Pancreas
Superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries and arteries from the splenic artery
160
Veins of Pancreas
Corresponding veins and finally to the portal vein
161
Innervation of Pancreas
Sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagus)
162
Pancreatitis
Acute or chronic, stones from gall bladder in ampulla of valor, disruption and inflammation, back up of enzymes which start to a activate in pancreas and self digit, vomiting, diarrhea, pain in epigastric region, back and left hypochondriac region, yellow skin from backed up billy reuben, pain can even be in shoulder
163
Liver Function
Bile, metabolic function such as breakdown of alcohol, hormones, toxins
164
Endoplasmic Reticulum of Liver
Rough for protein synthesis and Smooth for detoxification
165
Round Ligament of Liver
Teres Ligament, remnant of umbilical vein which carried blood to fetus, the inferior borer of liver
166
Ligamentum Venosum
Ductus venosus, remnant for bypassing portal vein
167
Cooper Cells
Hepatocytes to filter blood in hepatic lobules
168
Disse's Space
Ito cells are here as fat storage cells
169
Kupffer
Microphages for breakdown or swallowing
170
Cirrhosis of Liver
Hepaticytes overworked, constantly braking down making H2S2 product and this exposure os killing the liver cells so chronic inflammation, and now fibrosis which means compromised blood flow
171
Any vein directly leading to Portal Vein during Cirrhosis of Liver
affected and enlarged
172
Gall Bladder
Stores Bile
173
Gall Bladder Simulation
Cack stimulates contraction and bile byproducts; billy reuben and bile salts
174
Gall Stones
Cholelithiasis, happen when bile salts cholesterol fall out of solution, dislodge in the common hepatic duct, cause jaundice, can effect liver and pancreas too
175
Predisposed to Gall Stones
Females, the fertile forty to fifty and fatty and fair
176
Treatment for Gall Bladder
Nerves to be broken down, change in diet or meds, or remove gall bladder
177
Gallbladder Blood Supply
Cystic artery coming from the right hepatic artery
178
Spleen
Recycling environment, in left hypochondriac region, organ of immune system, intraperitoneal
179
Spleen Function
Site of RBC formation while in womb and then red bone marrow production and maturation of lymphocytes
180
Spleen Damage
During trauma, too much blood from splenic artery
181
Splenic Rupture
Causes sever bleeding, splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) in portal hypertension
182
Blood Supply of Spleen
Splenic artery from celiac trunk
183
Veins of Spleen
Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein join to become portal vein
184
Innervation of Spleen
Sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagus nerve)
185
Kidney
Bean shape, retroperitoneal organs, T12-L3, right is lower than left
186
Function of Kidneys
Metabolic waste breakdown using water
187
Nephron Types
Cortical and Juxta Medullary
188
To Filter Must Have
Capillary bed and renal corpuscle
189
Glomerulus
Blod filtered into capsule with selective membrane, high pressure, forces waste out of section
190
Urinanalysis
Blood cells or proteins in urine, filtration is broken
191
What process of kidney uses the most energy?
Reabsorption
192
Macula Densa Cells
PH and sodium chloride changes noticed by these cells, radiation receiption
193
Juxtaglomerular
Mechanical, respond to pressure, feel the pressure of lack there of
194
When is Renin released?
Little pressure in the kidney
195
Renin
Interacts in blood and converts angiotensinogen made in liver, which changes to angiotensinogen 1 and goes to lungs were it becomes angiotensinogen 2 and os then released in blood to increase pressure
196
Ase Inhibitor
To avoid hypertension due to RAAS, if the pressure change is only in kidney then problem
197
Erythropoietin
Secreted by kidneys, for RBC maturation, when more oxygen needs to be carried around body
198
Kalikrein
Produced by kidneys, cause vascular expansion via other molecules
199
Prostaglandins
Kidneys produce large quantities
200
Ureter
Transitional epithelium, transport urine to bladder
201
Ureter Constrictions Locations
Renal pelvis, iliac vessels, urinary bladder
202
Ureters cross Males
Vas deferenses in pelvic cavity
203
Ureters cross Females
Uterine artery and vein on each side
204
Kidney Stones
Obstruct ureter, pain and bleeding from mucosal injury
205
Blood Supply of Kidney
Renal arteries from descending abdominal aorta
206
Vein of Kidney
Renal vein to IVC, right side longer than left
207
Innervation of Kidney
Little parasympathetic and sympathetic, lumbar and splenic
208
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Consists of the Macula densa, granulated juxtaglomerular cells of the pole cushion and a group of extraglomerular mesangial cells which continue to the intraglomerular mesangium, produces Renin
209
Glomerulonephritis
Arterioles swelling, bacterial infections
210
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of renal pelvis
211
Polycystic Disease
Congenital, cysts cause inflammation and constriction
212
Adrenal Glands
Top of kidney, superior (renal) middle (aorta) and inferior (renal) suprarenal artery
213
Adrenal Glands Cortex
3 areas, regulate electrolyte and water balance, produce steroid hormones from cholesterol as a common precursor
214
Anterior Pituitary Produces
ACTH regulates adrenal gland
215
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenaline, fight or flight
216
Veins of Adrenal Glands
Renal viens to IVC
217
Innervation of Adrenal Glands
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic, medulla
218
Diaphragm and posterior abdominal wall contents
Psoas major and minor muscles, the quadratum lumborum muscle, the lumbar plexus and its related nerves, for support
219
Vagotomy Consequences
Alkaline reflux, gastritis, denaturing proteins, dumping syndrome if innervation is severed
