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Anatomy I > Exam 4- Brain and CNS > Flashcards

Exam 4- Brain and CNS Flashcards

1
Q

process of embryological development

A
  1. ectoderm thickens along midline to form neural plate
  2. neural plate invaginates to form neural groove, with neural folds
  3. neural folds fuse to become neural tube
  4. neural tube detaches from ectoderm and deepens into embryo
  5. neural crest develops as offshoot of neural folds
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2
Q

what is the first step of formation of the nervous system

A

ectoderm thickening along midline to form neural plate

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3
Q

which structure gives rise to the CNS

A

neural tube

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4
Q

neural crest becomes ____

A

neural ganglia

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5
Q

primary brain vesicles definition

A

swellings on head end of neural tube

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6
Q

primary brain vesicles

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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7
Q

secondary brain vesicles

A

telencephalon, diencephalon (from prosencephalon)

mesencephalon, myelencephalon (from rhombencephalon)

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8
Q

adult brain structures

A 
cerebrum
hypothalamus
thalamus
epithalamus
midbrain
pons
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
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9
Q

telencephalon gives rise to which adult brain structure?

A

cerebrum

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10
Q

diencephalon gives rise to which adult brain structures?

A

hypothalamus
thalamus
epithalamus

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11
Q

the brainstem comprises which structures

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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12
Q

mesencephalon gives rise to which adult brain structure?

A

midbrain

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13
Q

metencephalon gives rise to which adult brain structures?

A

pons

cerebellum

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14
Q

myelencephalon gives rise to which adult brain structure?

A

medulla oblongata

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15
Q

lower brain functions

A

primal basal brain activity

ex: breathing, keeping us alive

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16
Q

higher brain functions

A

cognition, thought, logic

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17
Q

ventricles definition

A

expansions from lumen of neural tube;
interconnected and filled with CSF;
lined with ependyma

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18
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

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19
Q

where is CSF located

A

in center of spinal cord and lumen, in ventricles, and on outside of brain/spinal cord

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20
Q

lateral ventricles

A

theres 2 of them- 1 in each hemisphere
not directly connected; separated by septum pellucidum
connect to 3rd ventricle

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21
Q

septum pellucidum

A

structure in center of brain that separates lateral ventricles

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22
Q

third ventricle

A

located where diencephalon was

connects to 4th ventricle

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23
Q

fourth ventricle

A

located in hindbrain

connects through central canal of spinal cord

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24
Q

connecting channels of brain ventricles

A

interventricular foramen

cerebral aqueduct

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25
Q

interventricular foramen

A

connecting channel

connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle

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26
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connecting channel

connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

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27
Q

openings of brain ventricles

A

connect CSF on inside of brain to CSF on outside of brain
lateral apertures
median aperture

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28
Q

lateral apertures

A

openings of brain ventricles

on each side of 4th ventricle

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29
Q

median aperture

A

openings of brain ventricles

on roof of 4th ventricle

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30
Q

gyri

A

elevated ridges

the more ridges, the greater the intellect

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31
Q

sulci

A

depressions between gyri

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32
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

groove in between 2 cerebral hemispheres

separates left and right

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33
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

groove that runs across back end

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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34
Q

____% of mass of human brain is cerebrum

A

83%

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35
Q

lobes of the cerebrum

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula (underneath)
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36
Q

regions of cerebrum

A

cortex
white matter
basal nuclei

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37
Q

cerebral cortex region of cerebrum

A

superficial layer

made of gray matter

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38
Q

what is gray matter made of

A

cell bodies of neurons

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39
Q

white matter region of cerebrum

A

deep to cortex

made of myelinated axons

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40
Q

basal nuclei

A

islands of gray matter within white matter

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41
Q

the cerebral cortex is involved in what?

A

our conscious mind

self awareness, sensations, communication, memory, voluntary movement

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42
Q

cerebral cortex thickness

A

ranges from 2-4 mm thick

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43
Q

domains of the cerebral cortex

A

motor (front)

sensory (back)

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44
Q

T/F Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

A

True

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45
Q

right side of the cerebrum

A

artsy brain

visual spacial tasks, emotion, art, music, intuition

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46
Q

left side of cerebrum

A

science brain

math, logic, language

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47
Q

cerebral dominance

A

each of us has one hemisphere that’s dominant to the other

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48
Q

functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

motor (front)
sensory (back)
association (middle)

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49
Q

motor areas

A

involved in conscious control/voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
Broca’s area
frontal eye field

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50
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

where signals for movement leave the cortex
sends motor impulse to allow coarse movement
made of pyramidal cells

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51
Q

premotor cortex

A

learned motor skills, repeated patterns

refines movement before it goes to the primary motor cortex

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52
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech motor area
found only in left hemisphere
has to do with the muscles controlling tongue, larynx, etc

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53
Q

frontal eye field

A

sends signal so we can voluntarily move our eyes

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54
Q

sensory areas

A

has to do with conscious awareness of sensation

primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association cortex
visual areas:
primary visual cortex, visual association area
auditory areas:
primary auditory cortex, auditory association area
olfactory cortex
gustatory cortex
vestibular cortex
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55
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

allows us to spatially discriminate different parts of our body
receives sensory info from skin and proprioceptors

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56
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

integrates all sensory information that goes to the primary somatosensory cortex
why you understand what it is you’re feeling
ex: you know it is a tag scratching your back or an ant crawling up your leg

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57
Q

primary visual cortex

A

receives sensory info from the retina

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58
Q

visual association area

A

interprets info from primary visual cortex using experience

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59
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

receives sensory info from inner ear

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60
Q

auditory association area

A

interprets info from primary auditory cortex using experience

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61
Q

olfactory cortex

A

receives info from smell receptors (detects odors)

has links to emotion

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62
Q

gustatory cortex

A

detects taste from taste buds

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63
Q

vestibular cortex

A

gives us balance-related sensations

in the insula

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64
Q

association areas

A

links motor and sensory areas
a communication area –> relays signals

prefrontal cortex
language areas
general interpretation area
visceral association area

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65
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

Associated with intellect, cognition, and recall
How we learn new material
linked to personality
develops slowly, relies on social feedback
aka anterior association area
most evolved portion of brain in humans

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66
Q

language areas

A

deal with language comprehension
2 parts: Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
Broca and Wernicke only found on left side
right side has areas for body language

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67
Q

Broca’s area and Wernickes area

A

Broca: speech
Wernicke: sounding out unfamiliar words
only in left hemisphere`

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68
Q

what is in position of broca and wernicke in right hemisphere?

A

areas for body language
where broca would be: make body language
where wernicke would be: interpret body language

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69
Q

general interpretation area

A

receives info from all sensory association areas –> integrates them all into a single thought
only on left side
ex: roses+candles+boyfriend = romantic

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70
Q

visceral association area

A

links input to fear/emotional response

ex: upset stomach = throw up

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71
Q

function of cerebral white matter

A 
carries communication between:
    -areas of the cerebrum
    -the cortex and lower CNS centers
consists of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts
deep to cortical gray matter
72
Q

white matter fibers

A

commissures
association fibers
projection fibers

73
Q

commissures

A

white tracts that connect the gray areas of the 2 hemispheres together
facilitate communication between 2 hemispheres

74
Q

corpus callosum

A

largest commissure in brain

75
Q

association fibers

A

connect parts of same hemisphere to each other

76
Q

projection fibers

A

connect cerebrum to the rest of the nervous system

sensory and motor info goes through here

77
Q

function of basal nuclei

A

modify motor activity
regulate attention and cognition
regulate stereotype movement

78
Q

how to basal nuclei direct their actions?

A

they send their actions through thalamus

they have no direct access to motor pathways

79
Q

types of basal nuclei

A 
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus 
(each of those 3 ^ are in both hemispheres)
amygdala
(^ only one 1 side of brain)
80
Q

amygdala

A

basal nuclei highly linked to emotion
helps with emotional interpretation and response
linked to ANS (fight/flight) and limbic system
only 1 in entire brain

81
Q

thalamus

A

where all sensory input comes through, is sorted, and is sent to cortex
non-sensory inputs (interneurons) are also sorted and sent here

contains several nuclei (clusters of neural fibers), each with a specialty functions that connect to specific regions of the cortex

82
Q

major visceral control center

A

hypothalamus

83
Q

hypothalamus

A

sits below thalamus
regulates ANS activity, body temp, water balance, hormone release
controls emotional responses, food intake, and sleep cycle

84
Q

epithalamus

A

contains pineal gland, which secretes melatonin

regulates production of CSF

85
Q

how does melatonin/pineal gland work

A

when UV radiation is present (day), pineal gland is shut off.
when sun sets (night), pineal gland starts functioning and produces melatonin
melatonin tells the brain to shut down and go to sleep
melatonin is also linked to mood (tired = cranky)

86
Q

brainstem

A

deep gray matter surrounded by white matter and gray matter embedded in white matter

provide programmed automatic behaviors needed for survival (inhale/exhale, digest, HR, BP)

controlled/regulated by hypothalamus

passageway that links lower brain to upper brain

87
Q

midbrain

A

contains motor tracts connect to: spinal cord and cerebellum

functions in pain suppression

link between amygdala and ANS
contains visual reflex center
functions as auditory relay

88
Q

visual reflex center

A

coordinates head movement with eye movement

located in midbrain

89
Q

pons

A

mainly composed of conduction tracts
complete pathway between higher brain centers and spinal cord
relays info between cerebrum and cerebellum

90
Q

major autonomic reflex center

A

medulla oblongata

91
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls: HR, blood vessel diameter, rate and depth of breathing
regulates: vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneexing

92
Q

cerebellum functions

A

refines skeletal muscle contractions
plays role in cognition, language, and problem-solving
activity occurs subconsciously

93
Q

cerebellum anatomy

A 
gray cortex (arbor vitae= tree)
internal white matter with gray matter masses
(composition similar to cerebrum)
94
Q

cerebellar processing (PROCESS)

A
  1. motor association areas of cerebral cortex send signals to cerebellum that it wants to initiate voluntary muscle contraction
  2. cerebellum receives info from visual receptors, equilibrium receptors, and proprioceptors that say (1) we want to contract muscle and (2) what will happen if we do?
  3. cerebellar cortex calculates best way to coordinate force of contraction
  4. cerebellum dispatches message to cerebral cortex
  5. signal is sent to muscle
95
Q

functional brain systems

A

networks of neurons that work together, but span relatively large distances in the brain
(systems cannot be localized to specific brain regions)

96
Q

limbic system

A

“emotional brain”
expresses emotion as gestures
allows us to assess danger, elicit fear response
we have strong emotional ties to odor
strong link between feelings and thoughts
linked to body language

97
Q

the limbic system is closely linked to which primary brain vesicle?

A

the rhinencephalon

98
Q

output of limbic system is relayed through which brain structure?

A

hypothalamus

99
Q

T/F the logical part of the brain overrides the emotional part

A

false!

the emotional brain overrides the logical part of the brain

100
Q

reticular formation

A

loosely clustered neurons in the center of the medulla, pons, and midbrain
governs arousal of brain as a whole

101
Q

reticular activation system (RAS)

A

part of reticular formation that filters sensory input

when we aren’t sleeping, RAS is constantly sending signals to cerebrum to make it work

102
Q

brain waves

A

pattern of neuronal electrical activity

Alpha, Beta, Theta, or Delta waves

103
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

test that measures electrical activity of brain waves

this is linked to level of consciousness

104
Q

Alpha waves

A

8-13 waves per second

awake, relatively inactive

105
Q

beta waves

A

> 13 waves per second

intense concentration

106
Q

theta waves

A

4-8 waves per second

common in children (imaginary friends), uncommon in adults

107
Q

delta waves

A

< 4 waves per second
in deep sleep
if occurring while awake… they have brain damage

108
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of sensations and control of movement, levels of consciousness are a continuum

109
Q

levels of consciousness (highest to lowest)

A 
alert
drowsy
lethargic
stupor
coma
110
Q

sleep

A

state of partial (un)consciousness
“partial” bc we can be aroused from sleep
restorative or REM sleep

111
Q

T/F you can be aroused from a coma by stimulus

A

false.

112
Q

restorative sleep

A

our brain is relatively idle, we’re throwing delta waves

body is refreshing and rebuilding from the day

113
Q

REM sleep

A

our eyes are twitching around, and we’re throwing beta waves

analyzing the day, sorting important vs unimportant stimulus; mechanism to work through problems

114
Q

memory

A

storage and retrieval of information

short term or long term

115
Q

learning

A

establishing connections between neurons

116
Q

short term memory

A

working memory, limited capacity

117
Q

long term memory

A

greater storage than short term memory, can be retrieves any time, but if it is never used it may get lost (not 100% kept forever)

118
Q

memory- rehearsal

A

the more we work with something, the greater our ability to recall it later

119
Q

memory- association

A

linking new data to old data makes it a lot easier to learn/remember

120
Q

process of encoding information

A
  1. outside stimulus reaches general and special sensory receptors
    2a. automatic memory- info goes straight to long term memory
    2b. afferent output- info goes to temporary storage in cerebral cortex
  2. data selected for transfer- info goes from cerebral cortex to short-term memory
  3. data transferred from short term memory to long term memory
  4. when needed, info can be retrieved from long term memory to short term memory
    * data can be forgotten and permanently lost at any step along the way
121
Q

reasons for data transfer from short term to long term memory

A

excitement
rehearsal
association of old and new data

122
Q

structures that protect the brain

A

bone- dense skull
membranes- beneath bone, cover brain
fluid (CSF)- cushions brain, dissipates trauma, exists inside and outside brain

123
Q

meninges

A

membranes of the brain
cover and protect CNS (surround brain and spinal cord)
protect blood vessels
contain CSF

theres 3 around brain: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

124
Q

dura mater

A

superficial meninx
2-layered sheet of fibrous dense irregular CT
strongest covering
attaches to underside of skull to hold everything in place

125
Q

How many layers thick is the dura mater around the spinal cord? How many layers around the brain?

A

1;2

126
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle meninx
layer that all blood vessels run through
creates subarachnoid space

127
Q

subarachnoid space

A

filled with CSF and larger blood vessels

128
Q

subdural space

A

tiny space between dura mater and arachnoid mater

contains tiny bit of CSF

129
Q

pia mater

A

deepest meninx

immediately covers brain and nervous tissue

130
Q

which meninx contains CSF?

A

arachnoid mater

131
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

liquid cushion in/around brain and spinal cord
prevents brain from crushing itself by dissipating forces
protects CNS from physical trauma
helps nourish the brain and carries chemical signals

132
Q

CSF reduces brain weight by ___%

A

97%

133
Q

how is cerebrospinal fluid formed?

A

choroid plexuses in each ventricle
combo of capillaries and ependyma in roof of each ventricle
plasma leaks out of plexuses and into ventricles to form CSF

134
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protective mechanism for brain to help maintain a stable environment
regulates what can be exchanged between circulatory system and neural tissue
is a selective barrier

135
Q

structures of blood-brain barrier that separate substances in brain capillaries from the brain

A

capillary endothelium (1st thing, has tight junctions)
thick basal lamina on capillaries
astrocytes

136
Q

the blood brain barrier allows which substances to pass through?

A

amino acids, glucose, electrolytes

137
Q

regions where blood brain barrier is absent

A

vomiting center

hypothalamus

138
Q

the spinal cord is developed from the _____

A

neural plate

139
Q

2 distinct clusters of neuroblasts that make up the spinal cord

A

alar plate

basal plate

140
Q

alar plate of spinal cord

A

on dorsal half of spinal cord
becomes interneurons that carry sensory info to brain
dorsal root ganglion connects here

141
Q

basal plate of spinal cord

A

on anterior half of spinal cord

becomes motor neurons that carry motor impulses away from CNS

142
Q

where does the spinal cord extend to/from?

A

from foramen magnum to first lumbar vertebra (L1)

ends at “conus medullaris”

143
Q

conus medullaris

A

terminal end of spinal cord

144
Q

cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement of spinal cord

A

sources of most nerves to our limbs
cervical- sends nerves to upper limbs
lumbar- sends nerves to lower limbs

145
Q

2 tracks of the spinal cord

A

spinal cord has tracks going up and down, bc nerves can only carry impulse in one direction

sensory track goes up
motor track goes down

146
Q

meninges of spinal cord

A

spinal cord is covered with meninges
single layer dura mater with epidural space
meninges extend beyond conus medullaris

147
Q

meninges extend beyond conus medullaris and anchor to coccyx by _______

A

filum terminale

148
Q

meninges extend beyond conus medullaris and are secured to dura mater by _______

A

denticulate ligaments

149
Q

which structure extends sacral and lumber nerves beyond the conus medullaris?

A

cauda equinis

150
Q

3 structures of spinal cord that help to extend meninges beyond conus medullaris

A

filum terminale
denticulate ligaments
cauda equina

151
Q

how do we cause a response without message going all the way up to the brain?

A

spinal reflexes

152
Q

grooves that run length of spinal cord and divide it into R and L halves

A

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus

153
Q

gray matter in spinal cord anatomy

A

arranged in an H shape

anterior, posterior, and lateral horns of each side connected by gray commissure

154
Q

gray commissure

A

connects horns of gray matter in spinal cord

155
Q

gray matter consists of what type of neurons?

A

multipolar

156
Q

posterior horns are made of what type of neurons?

A

interneurons

157
Q

anterior horns are made of what type of neurons?

A

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

158
Q

lateral horns are made of what type of neurons?

A

autonomic motor neurons

159
Q

sensory tract of spinal cord is on the ___ side

motor tract of spinal cord is on the ___ side

A

dorsal; ventral

160
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

divided into 3 columns: anterior, posterior, lateral

columns contain collections of fibers that run as multi neuron tracts

161
Q

decussation

A

most pathways cross from one side of CNS to the other

162
Q

somatropy

A

spatial relationship that represents orderly mapping of the body
things running from the same parts of the body generally run together
things running to the same parts of the brain generally run together

163
Q

T/F all spinal cord tract pathways are paired

A

true

whatever happens on the R side happens on the left

164
Q

most spinal tracts consist of a chain of _____ neurons that contribute to the successive tracts to move things all over the body

A

2-3

165
Q

first order neurons

A

cell bodies are in ganglion
conduct impulses from sensory receptors and proprioceptors
sensory neurons that go to spinal cord and brainstem
synapses with 2nd order neuron

166
Q

second order neurons

A

cell bodies are in dorsal horn of spinal cord OR medulla
transmit impulses to thalamus or cerebellum
interneurons
synapses with 3rd order neuron

167
Q

third order neuron

A

located in thalamus
conduct impulses to somatosensory cortex of cerebrum
interneurons

168
Q

ascending pathways

A

nonspecific ascending pathway
specific ascending pathway
spinocerebellar tracts

169
Q

nonspecific ascending pathway

A

not linked to special senses
stimuli are non-specific
send signals of pain, temp, coarse touch

170
Q

specific ascending pathway

A

carry info about a single specific type of sensory information

171
Q

spinocerebellar tracts

A

spine to cerebellum
does not go to cerebral cortex
does not desiccate
carries info about stretches in muscles and tendons

172
Q

descending pathways

A

direct (pyramidal) system

indirect (extrapyramidal) system

173
Q

direct (pyramidal) system

A

motor info
motor pathways linked to fast, fine tuned action
ex: writing, typing

174
Q

indirect (extrapyramidal) system

A

involved with coarse limb movements
also controls muscles that regulate balance
coordinates eye, head, and neck movement

175
Q

which descending pathway is inhibited when we drink alcohol?

A

indirect (extrapyramidal) pathway

Anatomy I (6 decks)

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