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Anatomy I > Exam 4- Sensory > Flashcards

Exam 4- Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

neural structures that respond to stimuli by generating an action potential

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2
Q

function of sensory receptors

A

they can lead to, but do not directly provide themselves, sensation (awareness of stimuli) and perception

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3
Q

how are sensory receptors classified?

A

type of stimuli they detect
location
structural complexity

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4
Q

sensory receptors classified by structural complexity

A

simple receptors

complex receptors

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5
Q

sensory receptors classified by stimulus detected

A 
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
nociceptors
chemoreceptors
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6
Q

sensory receptors classified by location

A

exteroreceptors
interoreceptors
proprioceptors

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7
Q

simple receptors

A

modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons

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8
Q

complex receptors

A

localized collection of cells associated with the special senses
(sense organs like eyeballs, ears, taste buds, olfactory receptors, etc)

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9
Q

what does a stimulus to a sensory receptor result in?

A

generator potential (excitatory or inhibitory)

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10
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

stimulus: mechanical energy/force

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11
Q

thermoreceptor

A

stimulus: thermal/heat energy

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12
Q

photoreceptor

A

stimulus: light energy

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13
Q

nociceptor

A

stimulus: pain or potentially dangerous stimuli

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14
Q

chemoreceptor

A

stimulus: chemical energy

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15
Q

if any receptor is overstimulated, it sends what type of signal?

A

pain

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16
Q

exteroceptor

A

stimulus is outside the body

ex: touch, pain, pressure, temp, sight, etc

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17
Q

interoceptor

A

stimulus is within body

ex: stretch, temp, chemical, etc

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18
Q

proprioceptor

A

stimulus is within muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, and connective tissue
detects stretch and is involved with balance

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19
Q

free nerve endings

A

dendrite is available to be stimulated (no connective tissue wrapping)
do not have complex sensory structures
sensitive to painful stimuli, hot/cold, light touch

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20
Q

examples of receptors with free nerve endings

A

merkel discs
hair follicle receptors
itch receptors

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21
Q

merkel discs

A

sensory cells in deep epidermis that respond to light touch

nerve ending is free

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22
Q

hair follicle receptors

A

around base of hair follicle
detect when hair is bent
nerve ending is free

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23
Q

itch receptors

A

stimulated by touch (things like the sensation when you feel wool)
in dermis
nerve ending is free

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24
Q

encapsulated dendritic endings

A

dendrites are enclosed in connective tissue

have either a brush border or fluid-filled sacs at ends

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25
Q

examples of receptors with encapsulated dendritic endings

A 
meissners corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles
ruffinis corpuscles
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
joint kinesthetic receptors
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26
Q

meissners corpuscles

A

light touch receptors in superficial dermis

nerve ending is encapsulated

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27
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure receptors in deep dermis

nerve ending is encapsulated

28
Q

ruffinis corpuscles

A

stretch receptors; found in CT

nerve ending is encapsulated

29
Q

muscle spindles

A

detect stretch in muscle

nerve ending is encapsulated

30
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

detect stretch in tendons

nerve ending is encapsulated

31
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors

A

detect stretch in articular capsule of synovial membrane of joint
nerve ending is encapsulated

32
Q

somatosensory system

A

part of the sensory system that serves the body wall and limbs

33
Q

somatosensory system requires neural integration at the ___ level, ___ level, and ___ level

A

receptor; circuit; perceptual

34
Q

stimulation of sensory receptors occurs at which level of neural integration of the somatosensory system?

A

receptor level processing

35
Q

receptor level processing

A
  1. receptor must be receptive (specific) to stimulus
  2. stimulus must be applied within receptive field
  3. stimulus transducer into receptor potential
    - electrical impulse/generator potential produced
    - must get to threshold & be depolarizing to initiate action potential
  4. action potential produced
  5. neurotransmitter released at synapse
36
Q

ascending pathways sending information up spinal cord to brain to appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex occurs at which level of neural integration of the somatosensory system?

A

circuit level

37
Q

circuit level processing

A
  1. 1st-order neurons carry signal to spinal cord
  2. 1st-order synapse with 2nd-order neurons in spinal cord or medulla (unless part of spinal reflex)
  3. 2nd-order neurons carry impulse to thalamus or cerebellum
  4. 2nd-order synapse with 3rd-order neurons if in thalamus
  5. transmit signal to somatosensory cortex of cerebrum
38
Q

perceptual level processing

A

message to cortex is always action potential
sensation is determined based on what part of cortex receives the impulse
done by 3rd order neurons

39
Q

projection

A

project action potential to a certain part of the brain

40
Q

types of receptors in receptor-level processing

A

tonic receptors

phasic receptors

41
Q

tonic receptors

A

generate nerve impulse at constant rate, unless altered
(a nerve impulse is always being sent)
always on, we just change the rate
adapt slowly

42
Q

equilibrium maintenance in the ears is an example of tonic receptors or phasic receptors?

A

tonic receptors

43
Q

phasic receptors

A

normally off, unless activated/stimulated

adapt rapidly

44
Q

adaptation

A

reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus
when a receptor is constantly stimulated, they stop sending signals

45
Q

t/f nociceptors do not adapt at all

A

true

46
Q

aspects of sensory perception

A 
perceptual detection
magnitude estimation
spatial discrimination
feature discrimination
quality discrimination
pattern recognition
47
Q

perceptual detection

A

ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred somewhere

48
Q

magnitude estimation

A

detects quantity of stimulus aka # of action potentials in cerebral cortex
frequency tells us how strong stimulus is

49
Q

spatial discrimination

A

detecting which part of our body is being stimulated

based on which part of cerebral cortex is receiving stimulus

50
Q

feature abstraction

A

distinguish different things we’re touching, based on the association area
“touch determination”

51
Q

which aspect of sensory perception allows you to tell you’re touching sandpaper even when blindfolded?

A

feature abstraction

52
Q

quality discrimination

A

“submodalities”

sour vs bitter, high pitch v low pitch

53
Q

pattern recognition

A

ability to recognize different patterns
recognize familiar vs unfamiliar things, recognize things of importance to us
related to “learned” portion of brain

54
Q

which aspect of sensory perception allows you to remember the melody to a song?

A

pattern recognition

55
Q

nerve

A

cordlike organ of PNS
parallel bundles off peripheral neurons enclosed by successive wrappings of CT
can only carry impulse in 1 direction (toward or away from CNS)

56
Q

ganglion

A

collections of neuron cell bodies associated with peripheral neurons

57
Q

classifications of nerves

A

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
mixed

58
Q

sensory (afferent) nerves

A

toward CNS

away from PNS

59
Q

optic nerve is an example of which nerve classification?

A

sensory nerve

60
Q

motor (efferent) nerve

A

away from CNS

toward PNS

61
Q

mixed nerves

A

most of the nerves in our body
components of sensory and motor neurons
more efficient than motor or sensory

62
Q

what is nerve regeneration?

A

regeneration is limited to all damaged areas of nerve EXCEPT the cell body
primarily in PNS

63
Q

why does nerve regeneration not occur in cell body?

A

if cell body dies, the neuron dies

the connected neurons also die if they exclusively receive impulses from the “dead” neuron

64
Q

why is nerve regeneration primarily a process of PNS?

A

damage in CNS neurons has low chance for regeneration (longer neurons)
damage to PNS neurons has higher chance for regeneration depending on where damage occurred

65
Q

process of nerve regeneration

A
  1. peripheral axon injured
  2. separated ends seal and swell
  3. Wallerian regeneration occurs
  4. surviving Schwann cells proliferate and migrate to injury site (replicate)
  5. schwann cells release growth factors and CAMS (cell adhesion molecules) and form regeneration tube
66
Q

wallerian regeneration

A

phagocytes degrade axon, but neurolemma within endometrium remains intact
(axon and axon sheath in area of damage degenerate)

67
Q

what happens after regeneration tube is formed in nerve regeneration

A

axon starts regenerating itself from the damage proximal to the cell body, outward toward part of break distal to cell body

Anatomy I (6 decks)

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