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Anatomy I > Exam 4- Motor Activity > Flashcards

Exam 4- Motor Activity Flashcards

1
Q

12 pairs of cranial nerves

A 
(I) Olfactory
(II) Optic
(III) Oculomotor
(IV) Trochlear
(V) Trigeminal
(VI) Abducens
(VII) Facial
(VIII) Vestibulocochlear
(IX) Glossopharyngeal
(X) Vagus
(XI) Accessory
(XII) Hypoglossal
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2
Q

I nerve

A

olfactory

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3
Q

II nerve

A

optic

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4
Q

III nerve

A

oculomotor

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5
Q

IV nerve

A

trochlear

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6
Q

V nerve

A

trigeminal

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7
Q

VI nerve

A

adbucens

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8
Q

VII nerve

A

facial

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9
Q

VIII nerve

A

vestibulocochlear

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10
Q

IX nerve

A

glossopharyngeal

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11
Q

X nerve

A

vagus

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12
Q

XI nerve

A

accessory

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13
Q

XII nerve

A

hypoglossal

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14
Q

olfactory nerve

A

smell

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15
Q

optic nerve

A

vision

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16
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

external eye movement

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17
Q

trochlear nerve

A

internal eye movement

allows focusing

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18
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

facial sensations; chewing

largest cranial nerve

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19
Q

abducens nerve

A

eye abduction; causes eyeballs to look straight ahead (keep eyes focused together)

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20
Q

facial nerve

A

facial expressions (moving brows, curling lips)

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21
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing, balance

inner ear

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22
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

tongue, pharynx

back of tongue

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23
Q

vagus nerve

A

goes down to heart

slows heart

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24
Q

accessory nerve

A

goes to neck

twists neck

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25
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

tongue

front, underside of tongue

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26
Q

which cranial nerves are associated with forebrain

A

olfactory (I) and optic (II)

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27
Q

which cranial nerves are associated with midbrain

A

III through XII

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28
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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29
Q

spinal nerves are all what kind of nerves?

A

mixed nerves

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30
Q

how are spinal nerves named?

A

point of origin at spinal cord

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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31
Q

nerve roots

A

attachments for spinal nerves to spinal cord

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32
Q

ventral root

A

motor with axons from anterior or lateral horns

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33
Q

dorsal root

A

sensory that synapses with posterior

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34
Q

rootlets

A

merge to make the roots

2 roots join to make the nerves

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35
Q

nerve ramus

A

division off the spinal nerve

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36
Q

dorsal ramus

A

branches toward back side of body

goes to posterior trunk and limbs

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37
Q

ventral ramus

A

branches toward front side of body

goes to anterior trunk and limbs

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38
Q

phrenic nerve

A

cervical plexus nerve

controls diaphragm- allows us to breathe, causes hiccups

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39
Q

median nerve

A

serves skin and flexor muscles of the forearm

between radius and ulna

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40
Q

ulnar nerve

A

“funny bone”
runs right next to humerus, between ulna and humerus
runs near surface of body –> bumped easily

41
Q

sciatic nerve

A

sacral plexus nerve
serves entire lower limb except for anterior medial portion of thigh
largest nerve in body

42
Q

largest, longest, thickest nerve in body

A

sciatic nerve

43
Q

pudendal nerve

A

serves muscles and skin of perineum (between genitals and anus)
allows voluntary bladder control

44
Q

plexus

A

branching and linking of ventral rami
occur only in cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions
primarily serve limbs –> prevent full paralyzation

45
Q

t/f plexuses occur in all regions except for sacral region

A

false!

plexuses occur in all regions except for thoracic region

46
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

47
Q

every spinal nerve except ___ has an area of skin that it innervates

A

C1

48
Q

nerve endings/motor endings

A

PNS elements that activate effector organs by releasing neurotransmitters

49
Q

endings of somatic nerve fibers (muscle)

A

neuromuscular junction

50
Q

intrinsic reflex

A

rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus that is UNLEARNED, UNPREMEDITATED, INVOLUNTARY
innate
ex: knee-jerk

51
Q

acquired reflex

A

rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus that results from PRACTICE OR REPeTITION
learned activity

52
Q

reflex arc componenents

A 
receptor
sensory neuron
integration center
motor neuron
effector
53
Q

receptor of reflex arc

A

what is stimulated

sends signal to CNS through sensory neuron

54
Q

sensory neuron of reflex neuron

A

first order neuron

how the signal is sent from receptors to CNS

55
Q

integration center

A

in CNS
spinal cord for intrinsic reflex
brain for acquired reflex

56
Q

motor neuron

A

carries efferent signal away from CNS to tell effector what to do

57
Q

effector

A

organ that has reflex action

causes movement

58
Q

t/f somatic reflexes are spinal reflexes

A

true

59
Q

what do somatic reflexes target?

A

skeletal muscle

60
Q

monosynaptic reflexes

A

one synapse

sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron

61
Q

polysynaptic neuron

A

multiple synapses; uses interneuron

sensory neuron synapses with interneurons that THEN synapse with motor neuron

62
Q

reflexes that go to brain are always (monosynaptic/polysynaptic)

A

polysynaptic

63
Q

what do autonomic reflexes target?

A

cardiac and smooth muscle tissue, glandular tissue

64
Q

spinal reflexes

A

somatic reflexes mediated by spinal cord

65
Q

stretch reflex process

A
  1. muscle spindle apparatus is stretched (detects)
  2. sensory neurons transmit signal to spinal cord
  3. sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons
  4. motor neurons carry signal to muscle extrafusal fibers
  5. contraction occurs
66
Q

stretch reflex is ____synaptic and ___lateral

A

monosynaptic ; ipsilateral

67
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

relaxation of antagonist muscle brought about by stretch reflex

68
Q

when muscle spindle apparatus is activated, it sends 2 signals. what are they and to who?

A

sends signal to alpha efferent fibers to cause contractions

sends signal through antagonistic muscles to inhibit them

69
Q

gamma motor neuron reflex arc

A

accompanies stretch reflex
refines contractions promoted by stretch reflex
regulates response of spindle intrafusal fibers

70
Q

golgi tendon reflex

A

muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to contraction

detecting stretch in tendon; shows that muscle is over-contracting; so we shut off contraction of that muscle

71
Q

golgi tendon reflex is always ___synaptic

A

polysynaptic

72
Q

reciprocal activation

A

contraction of the antagonist in order to stop the over-contracting muscle

73
Q

process of golgi tendon reflex

A
  1. contraction/stretching of muscle increases muscle tension
  2. golgi tendon organs activated
  3. afferent impulses transmitted to spinal cord and cerebellum and synapse with motor neuron
  4. motor neurons supplying muscle are inhibited
  5. antagonist muscles are activated
74
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

painful stimulus causes automatic withdrawal of threatened body part from stimulus
decreases angle of joint
aka flexor reflex

75
Q

withdrawal reflex is always ___lateral and ___synaptic

A

ipsilateral and polysynaptic

76
Q

process of withdrawal reflex

A
  1. sensory receptor detects pain and is activated
  2. sends signal to spinal cord
  3. has an interneuron, which then causes motor neuron to activate muscle to cause it to contract
  4. reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscle
77
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side (no desiccation)

78
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side (yes dessucation)

79
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

ipsilateral withdrawal reflex + contralateral extensor reflex
when you step on something painful like a nail
withdrawal part- lift up the leg that touched the painful stimulus
extensor part- other leg straightens for support so you can shift weight

80
Q

superficial reflexes

A

caused by gentle cutaneous stimulation (light touch of skin)
plantar reflex
abdominal reflex

81
Q

plantar reflex

A

gently stroke bottom of foot –> toes curl downward

82
Q

babinski sign

A

instead of plantar reflex, toes turn up and fan out when sole of foot is brushed
sign of stroke
seen in babies

83
Q

abdominal reflex

A

lightly stroke skin near belly button –> causes muscle contraction and belly button moves toward site of stimulus

84
Q

components of muscle spindle

A 
intramural fibers
extrafusal fibers
type Ia fibers
type II fibers
gamma efferent fibers
alpha efferent fibers
85
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

small noncontractle muscle fibers

functions as sensory receptor

86
Q

extrafusal fibers

A

contractile part of muscle

87
Q

function of type ia and type ii fibers

A

detect stretch and send signal to spinal cord

88
Q

gamma efferent fibers

A

stimulate intrafusal fibers to maintain tension/stretch (go to ends of intrafusal fibers where it is contractile)

89
Q

alpha efferent fibers

A

stimulate contraction in extrafusal fibers

causes muscle to contract

90
Q

sensory fibers of muscle spindle

A

type ia and type ii

91
Q

motor fibers of muscle spindle

A

gamma efferent and alpha efferent

92
Q

levels of hierarchy of motor control

A 
precommand level (highest)
projection level
segmental level (lowest)
93
Q

precommand level of motor control

A

“control center”
programs and contains instruction, modifies feedback
signal comes from cerebellum and basal nuclei
regulates motor activity coming from projection level (controls output from cerebral cortex)

94
Q

projection level of motor control

A

conscious sensations of relaying instructions to spinal cord
signal comes from cerebral cortex
2 pathways: direct or indirect

95
Q

direct (pyramidal) pathway of projection level motor control

A

for highly refined movements
cerebral cortex to spinal cord to effector organs
motor cortex signal to spinal cord links to anterior horns producing voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

96
Q

indirect (extrapyramidal) pathway of projection level motor control

A

cerebral cortex to brain stem to spinal cord to effector organ
(takes extra step of going up to brain stem)
sends signals to segmental level for precommand as extra step

97
Q

segmental level of motor control

A

signal comes from spinal cord and goes directly to effector organ
example: reflexes
nuclei in the anterior horn activate the muscle (no brain signal needed)
use CPGs

98
Q

CPG (central pattern generator)

A

things that are coordinated and done repeatedly (like walking) are done through spinal cord

Anatomy I (6 decks)

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