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Anatomy II > Exam 4 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the kidney functions?

A

-regulate total water volume & solute concentration
-regulate ion concentrations
-removal of metabolic wastes
ensure long-term acid base balance

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2
Q

Endocrine functions

A

-renin
-erythropoietin
-activation of vitamin D
-glucogenesis during prolonged fasting

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3
Q

Renin regulates

A

blood pressure

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4
Q

Erythropoietin regulates

A

RBC production

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5
Q

What do the ureters do?

A

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary bladder?

A

temporarily transports reservoir for urine

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the urethra?

A

transports urine out of body

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8
Q

Layers of surrounding supportive tissue consist of:

A

-renal fascia
-perirenal fat capsule
-fibrous capsule

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9
Q

The renal cortex is the

A

granular appearing superficial region

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10
Q

The renal medulla is

A

-composed of cone shaped medullary pyramids
-pyramids are separated by renal columns

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11
Q

The papilla is the

A

tip of pyramid, which released urine into minor calyx

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12
Q

The lobe is the

A

medullary pyramid and its surrounding tissue

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13
Q

The renal pelvis is the

A

funnel shaped tube continuous with ureter

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14
Q

The function of the minor calyx is to

A

drain pyramids at papillae

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15
Q

The function of the major calyx is to

A

-collect urine from minor calyxes
-empty urine into renal pelvis

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16
Q

What is the order of urine flow?

A

renal pyramid-minor calyx-major calyx- renal pelvis-ureter

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17
Q

Pyelitis is the

A

infection of renal pelvis and calyxes

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18
Q

Pyelonephritis is the

A

infection/inflammation of entire kidney

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19
Q

Nerve supply via sympathetic fibers from

A

renal plexus

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20
Q

The two main parts of the nephron are

A

-renal corpuscle
-renal tubule

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21
Q

The two parts that compose the renal corpuscle are

A

-glomerulus
-glomerular capsule

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22
Q

Describe the glomerulus

A

little tuft of capillaries

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23
Q

Describe the glomerular capsule(aka Bowman’s capsule)

A

cup shaped, hollow structure around the glomerulus

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24
Q

What are the three parts of the renal tubule?

A

-proximal convoluted tubule(PCT)
-nephron look(aka loop of Henle)
-distal convoluted tubule(DCT)

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25
Q

What are the two types of cells within the collecting ducts?

A
  1. principal cells
  2. intercalated cells
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26
Q

Describe the principal cells

A

-sparse, short microvilli
-maintain water and Na balance

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27
Q

Describe the intercalated cells

A

-abundant microvilli
-type A and B: both help maintain acid base balance of blood

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28
Q

Describe the collecting duct

A

-receives filtrate from many nephrons
-run through medullary pyramid
-fuse together in minor calyx to deliver urine through papillae

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29
Q

What are the two classes of nephrons

A

-cortical nephrons
-juxtamedullary nephrons

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30
Q

Describe the cortical nephrons

A

85% of nephrons; almost entirely in cortex

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31
Q

Describe the juxtamedullary nephrons

A

-long nephron loops that deeply invade medulla
-important in production of concentrated urine

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32
Q

The glomerulus is specialized for

A

filtration

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33
Q

Why is the blood pressure in glomerulus high?

A

-afferent arterioles larger in diameter than efferent arterioles
-arterioles are high resistance vessels

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34
Q

Describe the peritubular capillaries

A

-low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes
-arise from efferent arterioles
-empty into venules

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35
Q

Describe the vasa recta

A

-long, thin walled vessels parallel to long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons

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36
Q

What is the function of the vasa recta?

A

function in formation of concentrated urine

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37
Q

Describe the juxtaglomerular complex(JGC)

A

-one per nephron
-important for rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure

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38
Q

Describe the macula densa

A

-tall, closely packed cells of ascending limb
-chemoreceptors: sense NaCl content of filtrate

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39
Q

What are the three cell populations of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

macula densa, granular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells

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40
Q

Describe the granular cells

A

-enlarged, smooth muscle cells of arteriole
-secretory granules contain enzyme renin
-mechanoreceptors: sense bp in afferent arteriole

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41
Q

Describe extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

-between arteriole and tubule cells
-interconnected w gap junctions
-may pass signals between macula densa and granular cells

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42
Q

How much urine is produced per day?

A

1.5 L

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43
Q

What are the three processes in urine formation?

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
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44
Q

Describe glomerular filtration

A

PASSIVE process
produces cell and protein free filtrate
no metabolic energy required
hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane

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45
Q

Describe tubular reabsorption

A

SELECTIVELY returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts

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46
Q

Describe tubular secretion

A

SELECTIVELY moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts

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47
Q

Filtrate is produced by

A

glomerular filtration

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48
Q

Urine is

A

<1% of original filtrate
contains metabolic wastes & unneeded substances

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49
Q

Glomerular capsule consists of what two layers>

A

-parietal layer
-visceral layer

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50
Q

What are podocytes?

A

specialized epithelial cells that cover the outer surfaces of glomerular capillaries

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51
Q

What is the filtration membrane?

A

porous membrane between blood and interior of glomerular capsule

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52
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane

A
  1. fenestrated endothelium
  2. basement membrane
  3. foot process of podocytes
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53
Q

the glomerular blood pressure =

A

the hydrostatic pressure pressure in the glomerular capillaries

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54
Q

What are the two routes of tubular respiration?

A

transcellular and paracellular

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55
Q

Paracellular route

A

between tubule cells

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56
Q

Transcellular route

A

-apical membrane of tubule cells
-cytosol of tubule cells

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57
Q

Aquaporins are inserted into collecting ducts only if

A

ADH present(ie: dehydrated)

58
Q

Aquaporins are always present in

A

PCT

59
Q

Where is the site of most reabsorption?

A

PCT

60
Q

In the descending limb, ____ can leave, _____ cannot

A

water; solutes

61
Q

In the ascending limb, _____ can leave, _____ cannot

A

solutes; water

62
Q

Reabsorption is _______ regulated

A

hormonally

63
Q

Antidiuretic hormone controls

A

water

64
Q

Aldosterone controls

A

sodium

65
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide controls

A

sodium

66
Q

PTH controls

A

calcium

67
Q

ADH is released by

A

posterior pituitary gland

68
Q

ADH causes

A

principal cells of collecting ducts to insert aquaporins in apical membranes for water reabsorption

69
Q

ADH increase causes

A

increased water reabsorption

70
Q

Osmolality is

A

the number of solute particles in 1 kg of H2O

71
Q

Osmolality is expressed in

A

milliosmols(mOsm)

72
Q

Kidneys regulate with

A

countercurrent mechanism

73
Q

Countercurrent multiplier

A

interaction of filtrate flow in ascending/descending limbs of nephron loops of justamedullary nephrons

74
Q

Countercurrent exchanger

A

blood flow in ascending/descending limbs of vasa recta

75
Q

Describe the descending limb

A

-freely permeable to H2O(aquaporins)
-H2O goes out of filtrate into medullary interstitial fluid
-interstitial osmolality increases to ~1200 mOsm

76
Q

Describe the ascending limb

A

-impermeable to H2O
-selectively permeable to solutes
-filtrate osmolality decreases to 100mOsm

77
Q

____________________ create the gradient

A

Long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons

78
Q

The descending limb pumps out ______, but keeps ______.

A

water; salt

79
Q

The ascending limb pumps out ____, but not _____.

A

salt; water

80
Q

Dehydration =

A

small volume of concentrated urine

81
Q

Overhydration =

A

large volume of dilute urine

82
Q

Osmotic gradient is used to

A

raise urine concentration

83
Q

300 mOsm is used to

A

conserve water

84
Q

Uremia

A

raised level of blood & other nitrogenous waste in the urea

85
Q

The chemical composition of urine is

A

95% water & 5% solutes

86
Q

Nitrogenous wastes in urine include

A

-urea(most)
-uric acid
-creatinine

87
Q

What are the three layers of the ureter wall from inside out

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis
  3. adventitia
88
Q

Renal calculi are

A

kidney stones in renal pelvis

89
Q

Trigone is

A

smooth triangular area in bladder outlined by opening for ureters and urethra

90
Q

What are the layers of the bladder wall

A
  1. mucosa
  2. thick destrusor muscle
  3. fibrous adventitia
91
Q

A full bladder holds

A

500 ml (can hold twice that if necessary)

92
Q

The two urethral sphincters are

A

-internal urethral sphincter(involuntary)
-external urethral sphincter(voluntary)

93
Q

Incontinence is defined as

A

loss of bladder control

94
Q

Meiosis is

A

cell division producing gametes(sex cells)

95
Q

Mitosis produces

A

clones

96
Q

Functions of meiosis include

A

genetic diversity

97
Q

Primary sex organs include

A

testes and ovaries

98
Q

The primary sex organs produce ______ and secrete _______.

A

sperm and ova; sex hormones

99
Q

Accessory reproductive organs consist of

A

ducts, glands, & external genitalia

100
Q

Sperm is produced by the

A

seminiferous tubules in testes

101
Q

The site of sperm production is

A

seminiferous tubules

102
Q

Prostatitis is

A

inflammatory disorder caused by bacterial infection

103
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

distorts urethra

104
Q

Most body cells have __ chromosomes

A

46

105
Q

The diploid chromosomal number is (2n)

A

46

106
Q

The haploid chromosomal number is (n)

A

23

107
Q

In meiosis I, the primary spermatocyte becomes

A

two secondary spermatocytes (n)

108
Q

In meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte becomes

A

two spermatids

109
Q

How does testosterone affect the male reproductive function

A

-promotes spermatogenesis
-targets all accessory organs

110
Q

When do the spikes in testosterone/estrogen occur?

A

in utero, birth, and puberty

111
Q

What is the most common cause for cervical cancers?

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

112
Q

What vaccine protects against HPV?

A

gardasil; three dose vaccine

113
Q

When does oogonia begin?

A

begins in fetal period

114
Q

Oogonia multiplies by _____ and _____ _______.

A

mitosis; stores nutrients

115
Q

Primary oocytes develop in _______ _______.

A

primordial follicles

116
Q

Primary oocytes begin _______

A

meiosis

117
Q

Spermatogenesis creates:

A

4 viable sperm

118
Q

Oogenesis creates:

A

1 viable gamete & 3 polar bodies

119
Q

Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) is produced by

A

posterior pituitary gland

120
Q

Follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones are produced by

A

anterior pituitary gland

121
Q

The ovarian cycle(28 days) consists of

A

follicular phase(1-14 days)
ovulation(midcycle)
luteal phase(14-28 days)

122
Q

The uterine(menstrual) cycle consists of

A

Menstrual phase(days 1-5)
Proliferative phase(days 6-14)
Secretory phase(days 15-28)

123
Q

When does luteinizing hormone spike during the ovarian cycle?

A

midcycle

124
Q

What purpose does LH have in the ovarian cycle?

A

-transforms the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum
-from there, progesterone and some estrogen occur

125
Q

Progesterone helps maintain

A

functionalis OR maintains pregnancy if occurs

126
Q

If no pregnancy…

A

-corpus luteum degenerates when LH levels fall
-cycle starts again

127
Q

Fertilization occurs when

A

sperm’s chromosomes combine with secondary oocyte to form zygote

128
Q

A blastocyst is

A

a rapidly dividing ball of cells

129
Q

Blastocyst floats for about _______ days

A

2-3 days

130
Q

Implantation begins _______ after ovulation.

A

6-7 days

131
Q

Blastocyst adheres to uterine wall using

A

trophoblasts

132
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

secreted by trophoblast

133
Q

Germ layer formation consists of

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

134
Q

Ectoderm becomes

A

the nervous system and skin epidermis

135
Q

Endoderm becomes

A

epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems

136
Q

Mesoderm becomes

A

everything else

137
Q

Initiation of labor is caused by

A

increase of CRH levels

138
Q

The stages of labor include

A
  1. dilation stage
  2. expulsion stage
  3. Placental stage
139
Q

Karyotype is

A

diploid chromosomal complement displayed in homologous pairs; aka an individual’s complete set of chromosomes

140
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

really long piece of DNA wrapped up with proteins

141
Q

Alleles are

A

genes that occur at the same location on homologous chromosomes

142
Q

hCG is produced by

A

the placenta

Anatomy II (10 decks)

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