Exam 4 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What are the kidney functions?
A
-regulate total water volume & solute concentration
-regulate ion concentrations
-removal of metabolic wastes
ensure long-term acid base balance
2
Q
Endocrine functions
A
-renin
-erythropoietin
-activation of vitamin D
-glucogenesis during prolonged fasting
3
Q
Renin regulates
A
blood pressure
4
Q
Erythropoietin regulates
A
RBC production
5
Q
What do the ureters do?
A
transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
6
Q
What is the purpose of the urinary bladder?
A
temporarily transports reservoir for urine
7
Q
What is the purpose of the urethra?
A
transports urine out of body
8
Q
Layers of surrounding supportive tissue consist of:
A
-renal fascia
-perirenal fat capsule
-fibrous capsule
9
Q
The renal cortex is the
A
granular appearing superficial region
10
Q
The renal medulla is
A
-composed of cone shaped medullary pyramids
-pyramids are separated by renal columns
11
Q
The papilla is the
A
tip of pyramid, which released urine into minor calyx
12
Q
The lobe is the
A
medullary pyramid and its surrounding tissue
13
Q
The renal pelvis is the
A
funnel shaped tube continuous with ureter
14
Q
The function of the minor calyx is to
A
drain pyramids at papillae
15
Q
The function of the major calyx is to
A
-collect urine from minor calyxes
-empty urine into renal pelvis
16
Q
What is the order of urine flow?
A
renal pyramid-minor calyx-major calyx- renal pelvis-ureter
17
Q
Pyelitis is the
A
infection of renal pelvis and calyxes
18
Q
Pyelonephritis is the
A
infection/inflammation of entire kidney
19
Q
Nerve supply via sympathetic fibers from
A
renal plexus
20
Q
The two main parts of the nephron are
A
-renal corpuscle
-renal tubule
21
Q
The two parts that compose the renal corpuscle are
A
-glomerulus
-glomerular capsule
22
Q
Describe the glomerulus
A
little tuft of capillaries
23
Q
Describe the glomerular capsule(aka Bowman’s capsule)
A
cup shaped, hollow structure around the glomerulus
24
Q
What are the three parts of the renal tubule?
A
-proximal convoluted tubule(PCT)
-nephron look(aka loop of Henle)
-distal convoluted tubule(DCT)
25
What are the two types of cells within the collecting ducts?
1. principal cells
2. intercalated cells
26
Describe the principal cells
-sparse, short microvilli
-maintain water and Na balance
27
Describe the intercalated cells
-abundant microvilli
-type A and B: both help maintain acid base balance of blood
28
Describe the collecting duct
-receives filtrate from many nephrons
-run through medullary pyramid
-fuse together in minor calyx to deliver urine through papillae
29
What are the two classes of nephrons
-cortical nephrons
-juxtamedullary nephrons
30
Describe the cortical nephrons
85% of nephrons; almost entirely in cortex
31
Describe the juxtamedullary nephrons
-long nephron loops that deeply invade medulla
-important in production of concentrated urine
32
The glomerulus is specialized for
filtration
33
Why is the blood pressure in glomerulus high?
-afferent arterioles larger in diameter than efferent arterioles
-arterioles are high resistance vessels
34
Describe the peritubular capillaries
-low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes
-arise from efferent arterioles
-empty into venules
35
Describe the vasa recta
-long, thin walled vessels parallel to long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons
36
What is the function of the vasa recta?
function in formation of concentrated urine
37
Describe the juxtaglomerular complex(JGC)
-one per nephron
-important for rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure
38
Describe the macula densa
-tall, closely packed cells of ascending limb
-chemoreceptors: sense NaCl content of filtrate
39
What are the three cell populations of the juxtaglomerular complex?
macula densa, granular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells
40
Describe the granular cells
-enlarged, smooth muscle cells of arteriole
-secretory granules contain enzyme renin
-mechanoreceptors: sense bp in afferent arteriole
41
Describe extraglomerular mesangial cells
-between arteriole and tubule cells
-interconnected w gap junctions
-may pass signals between macula densa and granular cells
42
How much urine is produced per day?
1.5 L
43
What are the three processes in urine formation?
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
44
Describe glomerular filtration
PASSIVE process
produces cell and protein free filtrate
no metabolic energy required
hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane
45
Describe tubular reabsorption
SELECTIVELY returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts
46
Describe tubular secretion
SELECTIVELY moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
47
Filtrate is produced by
glomerular filtration
48
Urine is
<1% of original filtrate
contains metabolic wastes & unneeded substances
49
Glomerular capsule consists of what two layers>
-parietal layer
-visceral layer
50
What are podocytes?
specialized epithelial cells that cover the outer surfaces of glomerular capillaries
51
What is the filtration membrane?
porous membrane between blood and interior of glomerular capsule
52
What are the three layers of the filtration membrane
1. fenestrated endothelium
2. basement membrane
3. foot process of podocytes
53
the glomerular blood pressure =
the hydrostatic pressure pressure in the glomerular capillaries
54
What are the two routes of tubular respiration?
transcellular and paracellular
55
Paracellular route
between tubule cells
56
Transcellular route
-apical membrane of tubule cells
-cytosol of tubule cells
57
Aquaporins are inserted into collecting ducts only if
ADH present(ie: dehydrated)
58
Aquaporins are always present in
PCT
59
Where is the site of most reabsorption?
PCT
60
In the descending limb, ____ can leave, _____ cannot
water; solutes
61
In the ascending limb, _____ can leave, _____ cannot
solutes; water
62
Reabsorption is _______ regulated
hormonally
63
Antidiuretic hormone controls
water
64
Aldosterone controls
sodium
65
Atrial natriuretic peptide controls
sodium
66
PTH controls
calcium
67
ADH is released by
posterior pituitary gland
68
ADH causes
principal cells of collecting ducts to insert aquaporins in apical membranes for water reabsorption
69
ADH increase causes
increased water reabsorption
70
Osmolality is
the number of solute particles in 1 kg of H2O
71
Osmolality is expressed in
milliosmols(mOsm)
72
Kidneys regulate with
countercurrent mechanism
73
Countercurrent multiplier
interaction of filtrate flow in ascending/descending limbs of nephron loops of justamedullary nephrons
74
Countercurrent exchanger
blood flow in ascending/descending limbs of vasa recta
75
Describe the descending limb
-freely permeable to H2O(aquaporins)
-H2O goes out of filtrate into medullary interstitial fluid
-interstitial osmolality increases to ~1200 mOsm
76
Describe the ascending limb
-impermeable to H2O
-selectively permeable to solutes
-filtrate osmolality decreases to 100mOsm
77
____________________ create the gradient
Long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons
78
The descending limb pumps out ______, but keeps ______.
water; salt
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The ascending limb pumps out ____, but not _____.
salt; water
80
Dehydration =
small volume of concentrated urine
81
Overhydration =
large volume of dilute urine
82
Osmotic gradient is used to
raise urine concentration
83
300 mOsm is used to
conserve water
84
Uremia
raised level of blood & other nitrogenous waste in the urea
85
The chemical composition of urine is
95% water & 5% solutes
86
Nitrogenous wastes in urine include
-urea(most)
-uric acid
-creatinine
87
What are the three layers of the ureter wall from inside out
1. mucosa
2. muscularis
3. adventitia
88
Renal calculi are
kidney stones in renal pelvis
89
Trigone is
smooth triangular area in bladder outlined by opening for ureters and urethra
90
What are the layers of the bladder wall
1. mucosa
2. thick destrusor muscle
3. fibrous adventitia
91
A full bladder holds
500 ml (can hold twice that if necessary)
92
The two urethral sphincters are
-internal urethral sphincter(involuntary)
-external urethral sphincter(voluntary)
93
Incontinence is defined as
loss of bladder control
94
Meiosis is
cell division producing gametes(sex cells)
95
Mitosis produces
clones
96
Functions of meiosis include
genetic diversity
97
Primary sex organs include
testes and ovaries
98
The primary sex organs produce ______ and secrete _______.
sperm and ova; sex hormones
99
Accessory reproductive organs consist of
ducts, glands, & external genitalia
100
Sperm is produced by the
seminiferous tubules in testes
101
The site of sperm production is
seminiferous tubules
102
Prostatitis is
inflammatory disorder caused by bacterial infection
103
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
distorts urethra
104
Most body cells have __ chromosomes
46
105
The diploid chromosomal number is (2n)
46
106
The haploid chromosomal number is (n)
23
107
In meiosis I, the primary spermatocyte becomes
two secondary spermatocytes (n)
108
In meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte becomes
two spermatids
109
How does testosterone affect the male reproductive function
-promotes spermatogenesis
-targets all accessory organs
110
When do the spikes in testosterone/estrogen occur?
in utero, birth, and puberty
111
What is the most common cause for cervical cancers?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
112
What vaccine protects against HPV?
gardasil; three dose vaccine
113
When does oogonia begin?
begins in fetal period
114
Oogonia multiplies by _____ and _____ _______.
mitosis; stores nutrients
115
Primary oocytes develop in _______ _______.
primordial follicles
116
Primary oocytes begin _______
meiosis
117
Spermatogenesis creates:
4 viable sperm
118
Oogenesis creates:
1 viable gamete & 3 polar bodies
119
Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) is produced by
posterior pituitary gland
120
Follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones are produced by
anterior pituitary gland
121
The ovarian cycle(28 days) consists of
follicular phase(1-14 days)
ovulation(midcycle)
luteal phase(14-28 days)
122
The uterine(menstrual) cycle consists of
Menstrual phase(days 1-5)
Proliferative phase(days 6-14)
Secretory phase(days 15-28)
123
When does luteinizing hormone spike during the ovarian cycle?
midcycle
124
What purpose does LH have in the ovarian cycle?
-transforms the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum
-from there, progesterone and some estrogen occur
125
Progesterone helps maintain
functionalis OR maintains pregnancy if occurs
126
If no pregnancy...
-corpus luteum degenerates when LH levels fall
-cycle starts again
127
Fertilization occurs when
sperm's chromosomes combine with secondary oocyte to form zygote
128
A blastocyst is
a rapidly dividing ball of cells
129
Blastocyst floats for about _______ days
2-3 days
130
Implantation begins _______ after ovulation.
6-7 days
131
Blastocyst adheres to uterine wall using
trophoblasts
132
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
secreted by trophoblast
133
Germ layer formation consists of
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
134
Ectoderm becomes
the nervous system and skin epidermis
135
Endoderm becomes
epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems
136
Mesoderm becomes
everything else
137
Initiation of labor is caused by
increase of CRH levels
138
The stages of labor include
1. dilation stage
2. expulsion stage
3. Placental stage
139
Karyotype is
diploid chromosomal complement displayed in homologous pairs; aka an individual's complete set of chromosomes
140
What is a chromosome?
really long piece of DNA wrapped up with proteins
141
Alleles are
genes that occur at the same location on homologous chromosomes
142
hCG is produced by
the placenta
