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Anatomy II > Lab Midterm > Flashcards

Lab Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

base of brain; below hypothalamus

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2
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A
  1. thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
  2. prolactin(PRL)
  3. follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
  4. luteinizing hormone(LH)
  5. adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
  6. growth hormone(GH)
  7. Oxytocin
  8. antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
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3
Q

What lobe is responsible for storing hormones?

A

posterior pituitary gland

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4
Q

What lobe is responsible for producing hormones?

A

anterior pituitary lobe

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5
Q

Why is the pituitary hormone called the “master gland?”

A

it controls the function of many other endocrine glands

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6
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

base of the neck(butterfly shaped)

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7
Q

Name the three hormones produced by the thyroid gland.

A
  1. Triiodothyronine (T3)
  2. Thyroxine (T4)
  3. Calcitonin
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8
Q

What effect does the hormone triiodothyronine(T3) have on the body?

A

controls metabolic rate and oxidation

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9
Q

What effect does the hormone thyroxine(T4) have on the body?

A

control metabolic rate and oxidation

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10
Q

What effect does the hormone calcitonin have on the body?

A

decreases calcium levels in blood by stimulating deposition of calcium into the bones

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11
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

behind the stomach

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12
Q

What are the two hormones the pancreas produces that regulate blood sugar levels.

A
  1. insulin
  2. glucagon
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13
Q

What effect does insulin have on the body?

A

decreases blood sugar by causing cells to take up glucose

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14
Q

What effect does glucagon have on the body?

A

increases glucose by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen & release glucose into the blood

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15
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

4 pea sized circles found on the thyroid gland

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16
Q

Name a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland.

A

parathyroid hormone(PTH)

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17
Q

What effect does parathyroid hormone(PTH) have?

A

increases Ca levels in the blood by increasing secretion from bone & decreasing excretion in the kidneys

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18
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

there is one adrenal gland on top of each kidney, making two in total

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19
Q

Name the 3 hormones produced by the cortex(adrenal gland).

A
  1. mineralcorticoids
  2. glucocorticoids
  3. gonadocorticoids
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20
Q

What effect do mineralocorticoids have on the body?

A

regulate H2O & electrolyte balance

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21
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on the body?

A

regulate cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone (which increase blood glucose

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22
Q

What effect do gonadocorticoids have on the body?

A

regulate androgens & some estrogens

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23
Q

Name two hormones produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland, and their effects.

A
  1. epinephrine
  2. norepinephrine
    -fight or flight response
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24
Q

What cells are classified as granulocytes?

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

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25
Q

What cells are classified as agranulocytes?

A

-lymphocytes
-monocytes

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26
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

chemically attracted to inflammation sites and are active phagocytes

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27
Q

What characteristics help identify a neutrophil?

A

multi lobed nucleus(3-6); pale red/blue cytoplasmic granules

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28
Q

What is the abundance of neutrophils in the blood?

A

50-70%

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29
Q

What is the abundance of eosinophils in the blood?

A

2-4%

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30
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

attacks parasitic worms too large to be phagocytized; play complex role in allergies and asthma

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31
Q

What characteristics help identify eosinophils?

A

bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules

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32
Q

What is the abundance of basophils in the blood?

A

less than 1%

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33
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

granules contain histamine, which act as a vasodilator & attracts other WBCs to inflamed site; no direct participation in immune system

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34
Q

What characteristics help identify a basophil?

A

bilobed nucleus; purplish/black cytoplasmic granules

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35
Q

What is the abundance of lymphocytes in the blood?

A

25% or more

36
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

associated w lymphoid tissue & play a key role in immunity (B & T lymphocytes)

37
Q

What characteristics help identify lymphocytes?

A

nucleus occupies most of cell; blue cytoplasm

38
Q

What is the abundance of monocytes in the blood?

A

3-8%

39
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

active phagocytes against viruses and chronic infection; largest leukocyte

40
Q

What characteristics help identify monocytes?

A

u-shaped/kidney shaped nucleus; abundant pale blue cytoplasm

41
Q

What is the abundance of erythrocytes in the blood?

A

45%

42
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

gas transport w hemoglobin that carries oxygen in blood; transports ~20% of CO2 from tissues to lungs

43
Q

What characteristics help identify erythrocytes?

A

biconcave shape; no nucleus/organelles

44
Q

Name the hormone that stimulates growth in bones and skeletal muscles.

A

growth hormone

45
Q

Calcitonin _______ blood calcium levels while parathyroid hormone _______ blood calcium levels.

A

decreases; increases

46
Q

The gonadotropins, which stimulate the gonads, consist of the hormones ______ and ______.

A

follicle stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone

47
Q

Name the hormone that reduces or inhibits urinary output and thereby raises blood pressure.

A

antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin

48
Q

This gland and its hormones are involved in the maturation of T-lymphocytes in the immune system.

A

thymus

49
Q

______ are chemical messengers that are released directly into the blood to inhibit/stimulate its target organs.

A

hormones

50
Q

The endocrine system works in conjunction with the _______ system to influence homeostasis of the body.

A

nervous

51
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

connective

52
Q

Oxygen-rich blood is usually a scarlet color.

A

true

53
Q

Blood consists of [a] and [b].

A

plasma; formed elements

54
Q

Which condition is a normal homeostatic response to sickness?

A

leukocytosis

55
Q

The chemical present in the granules of a basophil is [a].

A

histamine

56
Q

Erythrocytes have no nucleus or organelles, therefore they are not true cells.

A

true

57
Q

Which blood type(s) can receive type AB blood?

A

AB

58
Q

The most abundant leukocyte is the [A] while the least abundant leukocyte is the [B].

A

neutrophil; basophil

59
Q

In systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.

A

false

59
Q

In systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.

A

false

60
Q

On the left side of the heart, blood will flow from the left atrium through the _________ valve into the left ventricle. What is the name of this valve?

A

bicuspid/mitral

61
Q

Which are the largest veins of the body?

A

superior/inferior vena cava

62
Q

The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle.

A

true

63
Q

“Lub” is associated with the closing of the [a] valves, and “dup” is associated with the closing of the [b] valves.

A

atrioventricular; semilunar

64
Q

The stage of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles contract is called.

A

systole

65
Q

What are the auscultation sounds of the heart?

A

lub dup

66
Q

The atria repolarize during the _________ complex.

A

QRS

67
Q

What does the QRS complex represent in an EKG?

A

ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization

68
Q

From the AV node, the impulse sweeps to the [a].

A

AV bundle; bundle of His; atrioventricular bundle

69
Q

Which blood vessels have valves?

A

veins

70
Q

Name the type of arteries that contain a large amount of elastic tissue in their tunica media to withstand pressure fluctuations.

A

elastic arteries

71
Q

The largest artery of the body is the [a].

A

aorta

72
Q

Blockage of the _______ duct may cause swelling in the right arm.

A

right lymphatic duct

73
Q

T cells (T lymphocytes) differentiate in the __________.

A

thymus

74
Q

Anemia

A

condition in which the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism. May result from a decrease in RBCs or decreased hemoglobin content in the RBCs.

75
Q

Polycythemia

A

abnormal excess of RBCs that increases blood viscosity

76
Q

Leukopenia

A

abnormally low white blood cell count/ below 4000 cells per mmᶟ

77
Q

Leukocytosis

A

increased WBCs, over 11,000 cells per microliter, is a normal homeostatic response to an infection in the body

78
Q

Leukemia

A

overproduction of abnormal WBCs, accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBCs and platelets

79
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

abnormal hemoglobin, results from a change in one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule. Cell becomes irregular shaped and is not able to carry oxygen.

80
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or impaired iron absorption (iron is a part of hemoglobin)

81
Q

Coagulation

A

blood clotting

82
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of RBCs present in a given volume

83
Q

Centrifuging

A

centrifugal force packs down heavier formed elements in a capillary tube, and less dense plasma remains at the top. (In order: plasma, buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets), and erythrocytes at the bottom)

84
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

caused by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies to the fetal blood. Resulting in hemolysis of the RBCs of the fetus

85
Q

Antigen

A

anything that the body perceives as foreign and generate an immune response

86
Q

Antibodies

A

preformed antibodies in the plasma that act against RBC carrying antigens that are not on a person’s own RBC and cause clumping

Anatomy II (10 decks)

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