Lab Midterm

Question 1

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 1

base of brain; below hypothalamus

Question 2

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

Answer 2

1. thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
2. prolactin(PRL)
3. follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
4. luteinizing hormone(LH)
5. adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
6. growth hormone(GH)
7. Oxytocin
8. antidiuretic hormone(ADH)

Question 3

What lobe is responsible for storing hormones?

Answer 3

posterior pituitary gland

Question 4

What lobe is responsible for producing hormones?

Answer 4

anterior pituitary lobe

Question 5

Why is the pituitary hormone called the “master gland?”

Answer 5

it controls the function of many other endocrine glands

Question 6

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 6

base of the neck(butterfly shaped)

Question 7

Name the three hormones produced by the thyroid gland.

Answer 7

1. Triiodothyronine (T3)
2. Thyroxine (T4)
3. Calcitonin

Question 8

What effect does the hormone triiodothyronine(T3) have on the body?

Answer 8

controls metabolic rate and oxidation

Question 9

What effect does the hormone thyroxine(T4) have on the body?

Answer 9

control metabolic rate and oxidation

Question 10

What effect does the hormone calcitonin have on the body?

Answer 10

decreases calcium levels in blood by stimulating deposition of calcium into the bones

Question 11

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 11

behind the stomach

Question 12

What are the two hormones the pancreas produces that regulate blood sugar levels.

Answer 12

1. insulin
2. glucagon

Question 13

What effect does insulin have on the body?

Answer 13

decreases blood sugar by causing cells to take up glucose

Question 14

What effect does glucagon have on the body?

Answer 14

increases glucose by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen & release glucose into the blood

Question 15

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

Answer 15

4 pea sized circles found on the thyroid gland

Question 16

Name a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland.

Answer 16

parathyroid hormone(PTH)

Question 17

What effect does parathyroid hormone(PTH) have?

Answer 17

increases Ca levels in the blood by increasing secretion from bone & decreasing excretion in the kidneys

Question 18

Where is the adrenal gland located?

Answer 18

there is one adrenal gland on top of each kidney, making two in total

Question 19

Name the 3 hormones produced by the cortex(adrenal gland).

Answer 19

1. mineralcorticoids
2. glucocorticoids
3. gonadocorticoids

Question 20

What effect do mineralocorticoids have on the body?

Answer 20

regulate H2O & electrolyte balance

Question 21

What effect do glucocorticoids have on the body?

Answer 21

regulate cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone (which increase blood glucose

Question 22

What effect do gonadocorticoids have on the body?

Answer 22

regulate androgens & some estrogens

Question 23

Name two hormones produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland, and their effects.

Answer 23

1. epinephrine
2. norepinephrine
   -fight or flight response

Question 24

What cells are classified as granulocytes?

Answer 24

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

Question 25

What cells are classified as agranulocytes?

Answer 25

-lymphocytes -monocytes

Question 26

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 26

chemically attracted to inflammation sites and are active phagocytes

Question 27

What characteristics help identify a neutrophil?

Answer 27

multi lobed nucleus(3-6); pale red/blue cytoplasmic granules

Question 28

What is the abundance of neutrophils in the blood?

Answer 28

50-70%

Question 29

What is the abundance of eosinophils in the blood?

Answer 29

2-4%

Question 30

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 30

attacks parasitic worms too large to be phagocytized; play complex role in allergies and asthma

Question 31

What characteristics help identify eosinophils?

Answer 31

bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules

Question 32

What is the abundance of basophils in the blood?

Answer 32

less than 1%

Question 33

What is the function of basophils?

Answer 33

granules contain histamine, which act as a vasodilator & attracts other WBCs to inflamed site; no direct participation in immune system

Question 34

What characteristics help identify a basophil?

Answer 34

bilobed nucleus; purplish/black cytoplasmic granules

Question 35

What is the abundance of lymphocytes in the blood?

Answer 35

25% or more

Question 36

What is the function of lymphocytes?

Answer 36

associated w lymphoid tissue & play a key role in immunity (B & T lymphocytes)

Question 37

What characteristics help identify lymphocytes?

Answer 37

nucleus occupies most of cell; blue cytoplasm

Question 38

What is the abundance of monocytes in the blood?

Answer 38

3-8%

Question 39

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 39

active phagocytes against viruses and chronic infection; largest leukocyte

Question 40

What characteristics help identify monocytes?

Answer 40

u-shaped/kidney shaped nucleus; abundant pale blue cytoplasm

Question 41

What is the abundance of erythrocytes in the blood?

Answer 41

45%

Question 42

What is the function of erythrocytes?

Answer 42

gas transport w hemoglobin that carries oxygen in blood; transports ~20% of CO2 from tissues to lungs

Question 43

What characteristics help identify erythrocytes?

Answer 43

biconcave shape; no nucleus/organelles

Question 44

Name the hormone that stimulates growth in bones and skeletal muscles.

Answer 44

growth hormone

Question 45

Calcitonin _______ blood calcium levels while parathyroid hormone _______ blood calcium levels.

Answer 45

decreases; increases

Question 46

The gonadotropins, which stimulate the gonads, consist of the hormones ______ and ______.

Answer 46

follicle stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone

Question 47

Name the hormone that reduces or inhibits urinary output and thereby raises blood pressure.

Answer 47

antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin

Question 48

This gland and its hormones are involved in the maturation of T-lymphocytes in the immune system.

Answer 48

thymus

Question 49

______ are chemical messengers that are released directly into the blood to inhibit/stimulate its target organs.

Answer 49

hormones

Question 50

The endocrine system works in conjunction with the _______ system to influence homeostasis of the body.

Answer 50

nervous

Question 51

What type of tissue is blood?

Answer 51

connective

Question 52

Oxygen-rich blood is usually a scarlet color.

Answer 52

true

Question 53

Blood consists of [a] and [b].

Answer 53

plasma; formed elements

Question 54

Which condition is a normal homeostatic response to sickness?

Answer 54

leukocytosis

Question 55

The chemical present in the granules of a basophil is [a].

Answer 55

histamine

Question 56

Erythrocytes have no nucleus or organelles, therefore they are not true cells.

Answer 56

true

Question 57

Which blood type(s) can receive type AB blood?

Answer 57

AB

Question 58

The most abundant leukocyte is the [A] while the least abundant leukocyte is the [B].

Answer 58

neutrophil; basophil

Question 59

In systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.

Answer 59

false

Question 59

In systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.

Answer 59

false

Question 60

On the left side of the heart, blood will flow from the left atrium through the _________ valve into the left ventricle. What is the name of this valve?

Answer 60

bicuspid/mitral

Question 61

Which are the largest veins of the body?

Answer 61

superior/inferior vena cava

Question 62

The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle.

Answer 62

true

Question 63

"Lub" is associated with the closing of the [a] valves, and "dup" is associated with the closing of the [b] valves.

Answer 63

atrioventricular; semilunar

Question 64

The stage of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles contract is called.

Answer 64

systole

Question 65

What are the auscultation sounds of the heart?

Answer 65

lub dup

Question 66

The atria repolarize during the _________ complex.

Answer 66

QRS

Question 67

What does the QRS complex represent in an EKG?

Answer 67

ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization

Question 68

From the AV node, the impulse sweeps to the [a].

Answer 68

AV bundle; bundle of His; atrioventricular bundle

Question 69

Which blood vessels have valves?

Answer 69

veins

Question 70

Name the type of arteries that contain a large amount of elastic tissue in their tunica media to withstand pressure fluctuations.

Answer 70

elastic arteries

Question 71

The largest artery of the body is the [a].

Answer 71

aorta

Question 72

Blockage of the _______ duct may cause swelling in the right arm.

Answer 72

right lymphatic duct

Question 73

T cells (T lymphocytes) differentiate in the __________.

Answer 73

thymus

Question 74

Anemia

Answer 74

condition in which the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism. May result from a decrease in RBCs or decreased hemoglobin content in the RBCs.

Question 75

Polycythemia

Answer 75

abnormal excess of RBCs that increases blood viscosity

Question 76

Leukopenia

Answer 76

abnormally low white blood cell count/ below 4000 cells per mmᶟ

Question 77

Leukocytosis

Answer 77

increased WBCs, over 11,000 cells per microliter, is a normal homeostatic response to an infection in the body

Question 78

Leukemia

Answer 78

overproduction of abnormal WBCs, accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBCs and platelets

Question 79

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 79

abnormal hemoglobin, results from a change in one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule. Cell becomes irregular shaped and is not able to carry oxygen.

Question 80

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer 80

inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or impaired iron absorption (iron is a part of hemoglobin)

Question 81

Coagulation

Answer 81

blood clotting

Question 82

Hematocrit

Answer 82

percentage of RBCs present in a given volume

Question 83

Centrifuging

Answer 83

centrifugal force packs down heavier formed elements in a capillary tube, and less dense plasma remains at the top. (In order: plasma, buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets), and erythrocytes at the bottom)

Question 84

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 84

caused by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies to the fetal blood. Resulting in hemolysis of the RBCs of the fetus

Question 85

Antigen

Answer 85

anything that the body perceives as foreign and generate an immune response

Question 86

Antibodies

Answer 86

preformed antibodies in the plasma that act against RBC carrying antigens that are not on a person’s own RBC and cause clumping