Exam #4: Respiratory System

Question 1

Where does the airway transition from conduction to respiration?

Answer 1

Terminale Bronchiole (Conducting) –> Respiratory Bronchiole (Respiratory)

Question 2

Extra-pulmonary vs. Intrapulmonary

Answer 2

Extrapulmonary=
- Outside of the lung tissue proper
- Superior to & including the primary bronchi
Intrapulmonary=
- Inside the lung tissue proper
- Secondary bronchi –>Terminal bronchioles

Question 3

Lobular Bronchiole/ Primary Bronchiole

Answer 3

Gives rise to the secondary pulmonary lobule, extending from the tertiary bronchus. Distal structures include:

• Terminal Bronchioles
• Respiratory Bronchioles
• Alveoli

Question 4

Interlobular Septum

Answer 4

• Separates secondary pulmonary lobules

- Contains lymphatic vessels & pulmonary vein

Question 5

What runs with the primary bronchiole in the secondary pulmonary lobule?

Answer 5

• Pulmonary artery runs centrally

- Part of the lymphatic component

Question 6

Pulmonary Acinus

Answer 6

Branches that extend from each terminal bronchiole in the secondary pulmonary lobule

Question 7

Primary Pulmonary Lobule

Answer 7

• Also called the respiratory lobule, extension from each respiratory bronchiole
• Where gas exchange occurs

Question 8

Anthracosis

Answer 8

Accumulation of black carbon pigment by macrophages in the lymph vessels of the interlobular septum

Question 9

Olfactory Receptor

Answer 9

Bipolar neuron in the olfactory epithelium

Question 10

Brush Cells

Answer 10

Sensory cell that makes contact with CN V in the basal aspect of the olfactory epithelium

Question 11

Sustentacular Cells

Answer 11

Support cells of the olfactory epithelium, containing lipofuscin

Question 12

Basal Cells

Answer 12

Stem cell of the olfactory epithelium, located in the basal domain

Question 13

Swell Bodies

Answer 13

• Erectile venous bodies in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium
• Accumulate blood to alternate nares to redirect air flow
• ->prevents dehydration

Question 14

What type of epithelium covers the larynx?

Answer 14

• Stratified squamous non-keratinized on tongue surface of epiglottis & true vocal cords (most forces)
• Rest is a respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified columnar w/ goblet cells & cilia

Question 15

What keeps the vocal cords moist?

Answer 15

The laryngeal ventricle (or saccule) lying just superior to vocal cords w/ numerous serous glands

Question 16

How does the diversity of cell types change along the respiratory tree?

Answer 16

• Large airways are most diverse

- Less diversity distally

Question 17

Cell Types Superior to Terminal Bronchus

Answer 17

• Ciliated Columnar Cells
• Goblet Cells
• Basal Cells
• Neuroendocrine Cells
• Brush Cells (Sensory cells of the airway)
• Nonepithelial Cells (Intraepithelial lymphocytes & mast cells)

Question 18

Cell Types of the Primary Bronchiole

Answer 18

• Ciliated Columnar Cells
• Ciliated Cuboidal Cells
• Goblet Cells
• Basal Cells
• Brush Cells

Question 19

Cell Types of the Terminal Bronchiole

Answer 19

• Ciliated Cuboidal Cells
• Non-ciliated Cuboidal Cells
• Club Cells
• Brush Cells

**No Goblet cells unless the person is a smoker**

Question 20

Cell Types of the Respiratory Bronchiole

Answer 20

• Ciliated Cuboidal Cells
• Non-ciliated Cuboidal Cells
• Club Cells
• Type I Pneumocytes

Question 21

Cell Types of the Alveoli

Answer 21

Type I & II Pneumocytes

Question 22

Wall Layers of the Trachea & Primary Bronchus

Answer 22

• Mucosa
• Submucosa w/ glands
• Cartilage
• Adventitia

Question 23

Wall Layers of the Intrapulmonary Bronchi

Answer 23

• Mucosa
• Muscularis (smooth muscle layer)
• Submucosa w/ glands
• Cartilage
• Adventitia

Question 24

Wall Layers of the Bronchioles

Answer 24

• Mucosa
• Muscularis
• Fibroelastic Cartilage Layer

Question 25

What do the submucosal glands of the intrapulmonary bronchi secrete?

Answer 25

- Muscin-->mucous - Lactoferrin--> binds iron (bactericidal) - Lysozyme (bactericidal) - IgA - Alpha-1 antitrypsin & other protease inhibitors (keeps inflammation in check to prevent damage to the lung tissue)

Question 26

What are the five main modifications of the airway in repsone to Asthma?

Answer 26

- Increased mucus - Increased thickness of the basal lamina - Increased thickness of the lamina propria due to edema & emigration of inflammatory cells - Increased thickness of the muscularis - Increased glands in the submucosa

Question 27

Characterstics of Primary Bronchioles

Answer 27

- Respiratory epithelium - Contains Goblet Cells - No Club Cells

Question 28

Characterstics of Terminal Bronchioles

Answer 28

- Simple Columnar Epithelium - No Goblet Cells - Club Cells

Question 29

Characterstics of Respiratory Bronchioles

Answer 29

- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - No Goblet Cells - Club Cells

Question 30

Club Cells

Answer 30

- Located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles - Secrete surfactant-like substance & CC16 protein (anti-inflammatory & antioxidant) - Damage to the bronchioles will lead to an increase in CC16 in serum - Transport Cl- - Stem cells

Question 31

Type I vs. Type II Pneumocytes

Answer 31

- Type I= very flat/ attenuated squamous cell (occupy 90% of the alveolus) - Type II= produce surfactant (more numerous)

Question 32

When does surfactant synthesis begin & what stimulates the synthesis of surfactant?

Answer 32

- 20-22 weeks - Corticosteroids stimulate the synthesis of surfactant *****Hyperinsulinemia inhibits cortisol secretion and thereby increases the chance of the fetus developing respiratory distress syndrome*****

Question 33

Renke's Edema

Answer 33

Accumulation of edema in Renke's space that is caused by irritation of the larynx

Question 34

Bowman's Glands

Answer 34

Serous glands of the olfactory epithelium