Exam 4 SI Review Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
what are the four stages of the origin of microbial life?
A
organic monomers
organic polymers
protobionts
living cells
2
Q
what are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
A
-nucleoid
-circular DNA that floats freely around the cell
-simpler DNA
-no membrane bound organelles
-typically much smaller
-anaerobic and aerobic
3
Q
what are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
A
-nucleus
-linear DNA that is held in the nucleus
-complex DNA
-membrane bound organelles
-typically much larger
-divide by mitosis and meiosis
-typically multicellular
-aerobic
4
Q
what are the characteristics shared by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A
-chromosomes
-DNA as genetic material
-ribosomes
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
-sometimes have cell walls
-vacuoles
5
Q
what happens at the first stage of the origin of microbial life?
A
simple organic molecules called monomers evolved from inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells. amino acids the basis of proteins and nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, are examples of organic monomers
6
Q
what are the characteristics of Archaea bacteria?
A
-0.1-15 um in size
-their genomen is a singe, closed, circular DNA molecule, often smaller than a bacterial genome
-reproduce asexually by binary fission
have a monolayer of lipids with branched side chains
types: halophiles, thermoacidophiles and methanogens
7
Q
what are halophiles?
A
an type of archaea that like high salt conditions (12-15%)
ex. like the dead sea
8
Q
what are thermoacidophiles?
A
a type of archaea that like extreme hear and acid (80-150 C)
ex. hot springs and geysers
9
Q
what are methanogens?
A
a type of Archaea that uses CO2 and hydrogen as energy sources
produce methane as by-products
ex. intestines and swamps
10
Q
what are the characteristics of bacteria?
A
-most common type of prokaryote on Earth
-between 0.2-10um in size
-a few are large including one species that is about the same size as a period
- have three shapes: rod, spherical, spiral-shaped or helical
11
Q
what is the reproduction of bacteria?
A
reproduces asexually
binary fission
12
Q
what is binary fission?
A
after a period of sufficient growth, the bacterial cell simply divides into two new cells with each cell getting a copy of the genome and approximately half of the cytoplasm
13
Q
what are the horizontal gene transfers?
A
conjugation, transformation, transduction
-can transfer antibiotic resistance to other bacteria
14
Q
a donor cell passes DNA to a recipient cell by wall of a sex pilus
A
conjugation
15
Q
a bacterium takes up DNA released into the medium by dead bacteria
A
transformation
16
Q
viruses carry portions of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another
A
transduction
17
Q
a virus that infects bacteria
A
bacteriophage
18
Q
uses gases like CO2 and hydrogen
A
a bacterial autotroph called chemoautotrophs
19
Q
use solar energy to produce their own food
A
a bacterial autotroph called photoautotrophs
20
Q
about 20% of people are carries without any symptoms, usually limited to skin infections
A
a bacterial disease called Staphylococcus aureus
-a strain resistant to methicillin (MRSA) is killing an increasing number of young healthy individuals
21
Q
work by interfering with cellular processes
A
antibiotics
22
Q
what are the cellular processes that antibiotics interfere with?
A
-with cell wall synthesis
-breaking cell walls
-with protein syntheses via ribosomes
23
Q
acellular parasitic agent consisting of an outer capsid of protein and an inner core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
A
viruses
24
Q
what are characteristics of viruses?
A
-are acellular (not composed of cells)
-0.03-0.2 um
-come in a variety of shapes
25
the genome if RNA but these viruses are able to convert their genome into DNA because they contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase
retrovirus
ex. HIV
26
hidden inside the host cell
-new viruses are not produced, but the viral genome is reproduced along with the host cell
-environmental stresses, such as ultraviolet radiation, can induce the latent virus to enter the biosynthesis stage, leading to the production of new virus particles
latency
27
what are examples of viral diseases?
cold and influenza, measles, herpes
28
infectious protein particles that cause degenerative diseases of the nervous system in humans and other animals
prions
29
what is the cause of prions?
-they are derived from normal proteins of unknown function in the brains of healthy individuals
-disease occurs when the normal proteins change into the abnormal, prion shape
ex. mad cow disease
30
include land plants and other photosynthetic organisms (green and red algae)
-spirogyra (charophyte)-filamentous green alga, ribbon like chloroplast, sexual reproduction via conjugation
achaeplastids
31
-large and diverse
-dinoflagellates, ciliates, brown algae and diatoms
-no apicomplexans or water molds
chromalveolates
32
-unicellular
-most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth
-glassy cell wall containing silica
-freshwater and marine environments
-diatomaceous earth formed from the fossilized remains
-used as filter of in abrasives
a chromalveolates called diatoms
33
-large and complex
-multicelluar
-mostly marine
-include kelp (attached to sea floor and may reach 60 meters)
-primary producers for diverse and productive community
a chromalveolate called brown algae
34
-unicellular algae
-cause "blooms" in polluted coastal waters (red tides and bioluminescent ocean)
a chromalveolates called dinoflagellates
35
-unicellular protists including heterotrophs
-cilia to move and sweep food into their mouth
-contractile vacuole to maintain water balance
ex. paramecium
a chromalveolate called ciliates
36
-heterotrophic protozoans
-feeding grove
-have flagella
-Euglena (mixotrophy and eyespot for detecting light intensity)
excavates
37
-most closely related to the Opisthokonts (animal/fungi group)
-amoeba (organisms with pseudopodia)
-feed by phagocytosis
-plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds and amoeboids
amoebozoans
38
-plasmodium (single cell, large and multinucleate and feed on decomposers and dead plant matter)
-fruiting bodies (spores release ameobae)
a amoebozoans called plasmodial slime molds
39
what is the slime mold life cycle?
-multinucleate diploid plasmodium
-plasmodium develops sporangia
-sporangia produce spores
-haploid amoebae act as decomposers and reproduce or act as gametes and fuse
40
what are the types of fungi?
sac fungi: ascomycetes
club fungi: basidiomycetes
41
how is fungi different from plants?
cell wall: chitin instead of cellulose
glycogen: used to store carbohydrates
42
-include fungi, animals and choanoflagellates
-closely related to amoebozoans
opisthokonts
43
release enzymes into their environment and digest food outside of the body
-some parasitic forms
-many are symbiotic mutualists
-hyphae and mycelium
a opisthokont called fungi
44
individual filaments
hyphae
45
mass of hyphae
mycelium
46
relationship between algae or cyanobacteria and fungi
lichens
47
relationships between roots of plants and fungi
mychorrhizae
48
sexual reproductive structure of the club fungi basidiomycetes
basidium
49
-ascocarp (cup-like sexual reproductive structure)
-reproduce by producing chains of asexual spores called conidia
ex. cup fungi, morels, truffles
a sac fungi called ascomycetes
50
-archaeplastids supergroup
-related to alegae that moved onto dry land
-nearest relatives are charophytes
land plants
51
what are the adaptations to land?
1. embryo protection
2. vascular tissue (to get taller)
3. megaphylls (large leaves with branching veins)
4. seeds
5. flowers
52
-2n or diploid
-produces spores by meiosis
sporophyte
53
-n or haploid
-produces gametes by mitosis
-sperm and egg fuse (diploid zygote)
gametophyte
54
-no vascular tissue or seeds
-live in moist areas
-gametophyte generation is dominate
-flagellated sperm swim to egg
a nonvascular plant called mosses
55
-have roots, stems and leaves
-sporophyte generation is dominant
-produce windblown spores
a seedless vascular plant called ferns and lycophytes
56
-also called club mosses
-upright stem
-small leaves called microphylles with single vein
-sporangia are borne on terminal clusters of leaves
a seedless vascular plant called lycophytes
57
-fronds (leaves, megaphylls)
-rhizome (horizontal stem)
-spores found at bottom of frond
-no seeds
a seedless vascular plant called ferns
58
-most plentiful plant
-seed coat has embryo and stored food (dormancy)
-pollination
-fertilization
-ovule matures into seed
a seed plant called gymnosperms and angiosperms
59
pollen carried to female part of plant containing ovules
pollination
60
pollen grows a pollen tube to egg and deposits sperm cells
fertilization
61
-most are cone-bearing
-ovules located on the surfaces of their cones scales (later become seeds)
-"naked seeds" (no enclosing tissues around seeds)
-include conifers and ginkgoes
a seed plant called gymnosperms
62
-means "vessel" (seeds develop from an ovule within an ovary and ovary becomes the fruit)
-produce covered seeds (not naked)
-flowers and fruits (flowers for pollination and fruits for seed dispersal)
seed plant called angiosperms
63
animal pollination
showy petals and strong fragrance
64
wind pollination
grasses, oaks and maples
65
tip of stalk that bears flowers
receptacle
66
modified leaves that protect bud
sepals (calyx)
67
modified leaves, may be colorful
petals (corolla)
68
male reproductive structure
stamens
(anther and filament)
69
anther
pollen production, apart of male reproductive structure
70
female reproductive structure
carpel (pistil)
(stigma, style, ovary)
71
stigma
for reception of pollen, female system
72
style
elevates the stigma, female system
73
ovary
ovule production and containment, becomes fruit, female system
74
-lack an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
-evolved first
-far outnumber vertebrates
invertebrate
75
have an endoskeleton of bone and cartilage
vertebrates
76
no particular symmetry
ex. sponges
asymmetrical
77
circular organization; many longitudinal slices will produce mirror images
9 sessile or free floating and usually don't have heads)
radial symmetry
78
definite right and left halves; there is only one longitudinal cut down midline produces mirror images
bilateral symmetry
79
brain and sense organs at anterior
cephalization
80
what are protostomes in embryonic development?
blastopore comes mouth
81
what are deuterostomes in embryonic development?
blastopore becomes anus
82
-asymmertical
-cellular level of organizations
-sac like body with many pores
-multicellular, but lack organized tissues
-filter feeders
-skeleton of spicules and spongin (spongin=proteinaceous skeleton)
a porifera called sponges
83
-radical symmetry
-have true tissues
-all aquatic
-named for cnidocytes, specialized stinging cells that contain nemotocysts
-hydra, amemones, corals, sea jellies
- two basic body forms
cnidarians
84
what is the first body form of cnidarians?
polyp (mouth and tentacles directed upward, sessile)
ex. sea anemones and coral
85
what is the second body form for the cnidarinas?
medusa (bell shaped and mouth directed downward)
ex. jellyfish
86
-bilateral
-protostomes
-trochophore
flatworms
87
-incomplete digestive tract with one opening (mouth)
-no body cavity
-free living planarians
-have muscles and excretory, reproductive and digestive systems
-freshwater
-eyespots
-feed on small organisms
-parasitic flukes and tapeworms
a trochozoan called flatworms
88
-bilateral
-protostomes
-trochophore
-include gastropods, cephalopods and bivalves
molluscs
89
what are the three distinctive parts of molluscs?
1. visceral mass (most organs)
2. foot (muscular portion used for locomotion)
3. mantle (covering that almost encloses visceral mass, may secrete a shell)
90
rasping organ for feeding
radula
91
-included conches and snails
-foot is flattened ventrally
-move by muscle contractions along the foot
-somme are herbivores others are carnivores
-existence of shells varies
molluscs called gastropods
92
-includes squid, octopus, nautilus
-foot has evolved into funnel or siphon
-powerful beak and radula used for feeing
-cephalization is apparent
-octopi have no shell, squid have reduced shell
-octopi thought to be among the most intelligent invertebrates
molluscs called cephalopods
93
-includes clams, oysters, scallops, mussles
-two part shells composed of protein and calcium carbonate are secreted by mantle
-gills located within the mantle cavity, used for gas exchange
-filter feeders (water enters through incurrent siphon)
molluscs called bivales
94
-bilateral
-protostomes
-trochophore
-segmentation
annelids
95
-visible rings encircling outside body
-no internal or external skeleton
-hydrostatic skeleton (a fluid filled interior that supports muscle contraction , enhances flexibility)
-each body segment moves independently
-locomotion by contraction and expansion of each body segment
annelids
96
-scavengers on dead or living organic matter
-have few setae per segment
-head is not well developed
-gas exchange is across the body wall
-evidence of segmentation
-hermaphroditic
oligochaetes called earthworms
97
what does the mating of earthworms look like?
-two worms lie parallel to each other facing opposite directions
-clitellum is the fused body segment that secretes mucus which protects the sperm from drying out
98
-arthropods and roundworms
-outer covering called a cuticle (protects and supports, sheds to allow growth)
ecdysozoans
99
-more than one million species described
-more than 30 million may exists
-characteristics of success: segmentation, jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, variety of respiratory organs and majority undergo metamorphosis
arthropods
100
-hard exoskeleton
-mainly marine arthropods (barnacles, shrimps, lobsters and crabs)
-some fresh water. crayfish
-some terrestrial, sow bugs
an arthropod call crustaceans
101
what are the three regions of insects?
head, abdomen, thorax
102
-sensory antennae, compound or simple eyes
-mouthparts
head of insects
103
contains internal organs
abdomen
104
-three pairs of legs and wings
-wings allow them to escape predators, mating and finding food
thorax
105
how have insects adaptations to the land?
-respiratory system, spiracles lead in trachea (small tubes of air throughout body, air is pumped by contraction and relaxation of body wall)
-reproduction and development (internal fertilization protects both gametes and zygote form desiccation)
106
what are the different parts of metamorphosis?
-immature stage: larva, becomes adult
-immature grasshopper (nymph) looks like adult (gradual)
-immature butterfly (caterpillar) looks nothing like adult (complete, drastic changes)
107
scorpions, spiders, ticks amd mites
athropods, arachnids
108
what are the two parts of arachnids?
1. cephalothorax has six pairs of appendages (chelicerae, pedipalps and four pair of legs)
2. abdomen with internal organs
109
oldest terrestrial arthropods
long abdomen and venomous stinger
scorpions
110
transmit disease such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever or Lyme disease
parasites (ticks and mites)
111
-narrow waist separates cephalothorax from abdomen
-chelicerae have fangs that deliver poision
-book lungs used for gas exchange
-silk glands used for web spinning
arthropods, arachnids, spiders
112
-diverse group of marine animals
-endoskeleton made of calcium-rich plates
-names for spines sticking out of skin
-lack vertebrate features (adults have radical symmetry and larva are bilateral)
echinoderms
113
-on shorelines on rocky surfaces
five rayed body with mouth on underside and anus on upper side
-feeding (eat bivavles and open with tube feet, everts stomach through open shell and releases enzymes)
-reproduction (sexual and asexual, if body fragment is large enough it can regenerate an entire animal)
echinoderms, sea stars
114
what are the chordate characteristics?
-notochord, dorsal tubualr nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches and postanal tail
- NDPP
115
dorsal supporting rod, replaced by vertebral column during development in vertebrates
notochord
116
nerve cord with fluid filled canal
dorsal tubular nerve cord
117
final development depends on adult chordate
pharyngeal pouches
118
-do not develop a vertebral column from the notochord
-include tunicates and lancelets
nonvertebrate chordates
119
-notochord is replaced by vertebral column
-jointed endoskeleton with muscle attachment
-rapid movement and efficient respiration
-two pairs of appendages
-strong cephalization
vertebrates
120
-extreme slime defense
-no jaws or paired fins
-scavenger
ex.hagfish
jawless fish
121
-jaws evolved from gill arches
-sharks, skates and rays
-skeleton of cartilage
-detect prey through electric currents and keen sense of smell
cartilaginous fish
122
two types of bony fish
ray and lobe finned
123
-paired fins to support bony rays
-swim bladder for buoyancy
-streamlined shape
-bony scaled for protection
ray-finned
124
-evolved into amphibians
-flesh appendages (locomotion on land)
-most have lungs
-tiktaalik, link between lobed finned fish and amphibians
lobe finned
125
how have amphibians transition to land?
-salsmanders, frogs, toads, newts
-tetrapods (four limbs)
-ears
-larynx for vocalization
-larger brain than fish relative to body size
-small lungs in adults
-larval stages in water, adults on land
-reproduction in water
126
how have reptiles adapted to land?
-scaled, senses and lungs
-fertilization is internal, shelled eggs
-amniotic egg made development on land possible (provides nutrients, removes waste, prevents egg from drying out and from injury
127
-evolved form reptiles
-considered part of reptiles
feathered reptiles, birds
128
-evolved from reptiles
-body hair and milk producing mammary glands
-endothermic (hair insulates)
-very efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
-high level of care for young (born alive, internal development, mammary glands for nursing)
mammals
129
-lay hard shelled amniotic eggs
-secrete milk onto body surface
-only in australia
ex. platypus
mammals, monotremes
130
-begin development in body
-born immature
-complete development in pouch
mammals, marsupials
131
-develop in uterus
-placent allows for exchange between fetal and maternal blood
-adapt for active life
-classified by methods of obtaining food and mode of locomotion
placental mammals
132
-adapted to arboreal life (in trees)
-shortented snout allows eyes to move to front of head
-ability to see colors
-one offspring per birth interval
-larger more complex brain
primates
