EXAM 4: Thorax and Abdomen Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
What is the anterior boarder of the sternum?
A
Sternum
2
Q
What is the posterior boarder of the sternum?
A
Thoracic vertbrae
3
Q
What is the lateral boarder of the sternum?
A
Ribs (12 pairs)
4
Q
What are the functions of the thoracic cage?
A
- Protects vital organs (heart and lungs)
- Attachment point for myos
5
Q
Manubrium
A
- Most superior portion of sternum
- Articules with clavicle, 1st rib (#1), body of sternum
6
Q
Body of Sternum
A
- Middle portion
- Articulates with ribes 2-7, manubrium, ziphoid process, sternal angle
7
Q
Xiphoid Process
A
Tip of sternum
8
Q
What are true ribs?
A
Ribs 1-7
- 1: Superior
- 7: Inferior
- Connects directly to sternum via their own costal cartilage
9
Q
Where/What is the sternal angle
A
Where the body and manubrium meet
10
Q
What are false Ribs?
A
Ribs 8-10
- Dont directly connect to sternum, connects via costal cartilage of rib 7
11
Q
What are floating ribs?
A
Ribs 11-12
- No anterior connection
12
Q
What are the rib articulations?
A
- Head of rib to costal facet body of thoracic vertebrae
- Tubercle of rib to vostal facet transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
13
Q
Where does gas exchange occur?
A
Capillaries (capillary bed)
14
Q
What is the arterial system
A
- carries blood away from heart
- typically carries oxygenated blood
- myos in walls to pump blood against gravity
15
Q
What are the largest vessels in the arterial system?
A
Arteries
16
Q
What are the smallest vessels in the arterial system?
A
arterioles
17
Q
Are capillaries apart of the venous or arterial systems?
A
Nope!
18
Q
What is the smallest diameter of the capillaries
A
1 red blood cell thick
19
Q
What is the venous system
A
- Blood is carries to heart, no exceptions
- Typically carries deoxygenated blood
20
Q
What are the smallest vessels in the venous system?
A
venules
21
Q
What are the largest vessels in the venous system?
A
veins
22
Q
What has valves to pump against gravity?
A
Veins
23
Q
What are the types of circulation?
A
Systemic and Pulmonary
24
Q
Systemic Circulation
A
- Body systems
- Delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues in body
- removes Co2 and waste
- Blood starts at heart and goes to body then back to heart
25
In Systemic Circulation veins and arteries carry what kind of blood ?
Veins: dO2
Arteries: O2
26
Pulmonary Circuation
- Brings blood to lungs for gas exchange
- Heart to lungs to heart
27
In Pulmonary Circulation veins and arteries carry what kind of blood ?
Veins: O2
Arteries: dO2
28
What happens when you inhale?
- Certain myos contract
- Certain myos relax
- Air moves into lungs
- Lungs expand
29
What happens when you exhale?
- Certain myos relaxed
- Certain myos contract
- Air moves out of lungs
- Lungs deflate
30
What is the thoracic cavity
- Spaces that house organs
- Dimensions increase --> inhale
- Dimensions decrease --> exhale
31
What lines the thoracic cavity
membranes
32
What surrounds the thoracic cavity
Thoracic cage
33
What are the muscles of respiration?
1. Diaphragm
2. Internal intercostals
3. External intercostals
4. Scalenes
5. Transverse Thoracis
34
What are the primary myos of respiration?
1. Diaphragm
2. Internal intercostals
3. External intercostals
35
What are the secondary myos of respiration?
4. Scalenes
5. Transverse Thoracis
36
When do you use secondary respiration muscles
when your in distress, all of the muscles are used
37
What does the diaphragm seperate?
Thorax and abdomen
38
Can you live without a diaphragm?
No, it is vital. If it stops you die.
Its the most important myo for respiration
39
What does the diaphragm look like when contracted and relaxed
Contracts: Flattens
Relaxed: Dome shape
40
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)
41
Internal Intercostals
- relax during exhalation
- Contract during inhalation
- Scalenes
42
External Intercostals
- relax during inhalation
- Contract during exhalation
- Transverse Thoracis
43
What happens to the vertical lung size during inhalation/exhalation?
Inhale: increase
Exhale: Decrease
44
What happens to the lateral lung size during inhalation/exhalation?
Inhale: Widening
Exhale: Narrows
45
What happens to the anterior/posterior surfaces during inhalation/exhalation?
Inhale: Sternum moves anteriorly
Exhale: Sternum moves posteriorly
46
What is the pathway of the respiratory tract when you breathe in?
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
47
What is the job of the respiratory tract?
Carry air in or out of lungs
48
What is the pathway of the respiratory tract when you breathe out?
- Lungs
- Bronchi
- Trachea
- Larynx
- Pharynx
- Nasal cavity
49
What is the nose/nasal cavity supported by?
Nasal bones and cartilage
50
What divides the nose into left and right
nasal septum
51
What is the nasal conchae?
Seperates the cavity into passageways
increases temp and humidity
52
What does air conditioning in the nose do?
makes the air warmer and slows it down
53
What are the three regions of the pharynx
1. Nasapharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
53
where/ what is the pharynx
posterior to the nasal and oral cavities
Common space for air/food
54
Nasopharynx
- Posterior to nasal cavity
- Passage way for air
- Eustachian tube connects here (middle ear)
55
Oropharynx
- Posterior to oral cavity
- Passage for air and food
56
Laryngopharynx
- Most inferior portion of pharynx
- Continuous with larynx and esophagus
- Passage for air and food
57
What are the structures of the larynx
1. Thyroid cartilage (A)
2. Cricoid Cartilage (A)
3. Epiglottis (P)
4. Arytoynoid Cartilage (P)
58
What is the function of the larynx
sound production
59
What are vestibular folds
- Folds; false vocal cords
- No sound production from them
- Job is to protect and support the vocal cords
60
Vocal folds
- Involved with sound production
- True vocal cods
- Adducted during sound production
61
Trachea
- C shaped rings of cartilage
- Provide rigidity
- Remains patent: Open
62
What does Bifurates mean and what does it
- Splits in two at the sternal angle
- Trachea
Spits into 2 primary bronchi: L and R
63
How many degree of bronchi are there?
3 (primary, secondary, third)
64
Alveoli
Wrapped with capillaries
65
Hilum
Entry/ exit from an organ
66
What structures are located at the bronchi hilum?
1° bronchi
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Vein
66
What are the lungs lined with
Pleural Membranes: Visceral and Parietal membranes
67
Parietal pleural membrane
Lines/touches the thoracic cavity
68
Visceral pleural membrane
touches/lines the lungs
69
What are the components of the pericardium?
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium
69
What is the function of the Pleural Membranes
Produces fluid to reduce friction
70
What terms can be used to describe the hearts position?
-Anterior medial Chest
- Deep to thoracic cage, thoracic cavity, pericardium
- Superior to diaphragm
- Intermediate to L/R lung
70
What is between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes
pleural cavity
71
Fibrous Pericardium
- Tough dense connective tissue
- Attached to diaphragm and great vessels, aorta, vena cava
- Secures heart
72
What are the functions of the pericardium?
- keeps heart in place; secure
- Reduce friction when heart is beating
73
Serous pericardium
- Deep to fibrous layer
- Double layered membrane
73
What does the visceral pericardium line
lines heart
73
What is between the visceral and parietal pericardiums
Pericardial Cavity
74
Parietal Pericardium
- Superficial to visceral pericardium
- Touches fibrous pericardium
75
Right Atrium
- dO2
- Recieves blood from inferior and superior vena cava
76
Blood that goes into the right atrium from the IVC comes from where?
Inferior to the diaphragm dumps into the IVC
77
Blood that goes into the right atrium from the SVC comes from where?
Superior to the diaphragm dumps into the SVC
78
Tricuspid valve
- 3 cusps
- Anchored by papillary myo
- Chorde tendone
- Opens inferiorly
79
What is the job of the tricuspid valve
Prevent blood from going back to atrium
80
How does blood get from the R Ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary Semilunar valve
81
Right ventricle
Papillary myos in the walls
- Blood is pumped to pulmonary trunk (R/L Pulmonary Artery) then to lungs
82
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
- Forced open wen ventricles contract
- Prevent blood from staying in ventricle
- Opens superiorly
83
Gastrointestinal Tract
- One giant tube of smooth myo
- Involuntary motor nerves
- Parasympathetic
83
Biscuspid Valve
- 2 cusps
- Anchored by papillary myo
- Chorde tendone
- Opens inferiorly
- AKA Mitral Valve
83
Does the left ventricle contain papillary myo?
Yes!
84
Left atrium
Recieves blood from the pulmonary vein
85
Stomach
- Has Rugae
- Cardiac Sphincter:
Opens to allow passage; closes to prevent passage
86
Esophagus
- Passageway for bolus
- Flat when empty
87
What are rugae?
Folds seen in an empty stomach wall
88
What are the regions of the stomach from superior to inferior
1. Cardiac Sphincter- entry
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Pyloris/Pyloric Region- exit
Pyloric sphincter
89
What does the blous exit the stomach as
Chyme
90
What are the regions of the small intestine
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
90
What types of digestion are in the stomach?
- Mechanical Digestion
- Chemical Digestion: acid, enzymes break down bolus)
91
Duodenum
- Initial portion of small intestines
- Originates at pyloric sphincter
92
Duodenal Papilla
- C shaped portion
- Opening for bile (liver and gallbladder) and pancreatic (enzymes from panc juice)
93
Jejunum
- Primary site for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs (moves from SI to blood)
94
Illeum
- Final Portion of small intestine
- Iliocecal Valve
95
What are the internal structures of the small intestine
Pilica circulares
96
Large intestine
- Chyme enters LI via ileocecal valve
- Job: Absorb water and ions (Chyme turns to feces)
97
Pilica circulares
Job: to slow chyme done
- Allows for more nutrient absorption to occur
- Highest in jejunum
98
What happens if chyme moves too fast/slow through large intestine?
Slow: Too much water is taken out (Constipation)
Fast: Not enough water is taken out (Diherra)
99
Regions of Large Intestine
1. Cecum
2. Appendix
3. Ascending Colon
4. Transverse colon
5. Descending colon
6. Sigmoid Colon
7. Rectum
8. Anus
100
Ascending colon
hepatic flexure/right colic flexure
101
Transverse colon
splenic flexure/left colic flexure
102
Rectum
- Chyme becomes fully feces
- Storage area for feces
102
What are the accessory digestive organs
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- They aid digestine but food doesn't travel through
103
Anus
- Passage way out of body
103
What are the sphincters of the anus
Internal Anal Sphincter: involuntary myo
External Anal Sphincter: voluntary myo
104
what are the functions of the liver
- Produces bile to digest fat
- Detoxify blood
- Store excess nutrients
105
What are the basic structures of the liver
- Right lobe:
Caudate and Quadrate
- Left Lobe
106
What does the Quadrate liver interact with
Gallbladder
107
Porta Hepatis
- Door to liver
- Bile ducts
- Arteries and veins
107
What does the Caudate liver interact with
Inferior vena cava
108
Hilum
Entry/exit
109
Gallbladder
- Stores bile
110
Pancreas Structure
- Head (tucked into duodenum)
- Body
- Tail (tickles spleen)
110
Pancreas Function
- Need to live
- Function: produces enzymes
111
Abdomen
Superior:
Thoracic Cavity
Diaphragm
Absominal cavity
------ASIS--------
Pelvic
112
What are the two membranes of the peritoneum and what do they touch
- Visceral peritoneum: touches organs
- Parietal peritoneum: touches body cavity wall
113
Omentum
- Greater momentum: Stomach
- Mesentery proper: small intestine
- Mesocolon: Large Intestines
Transverse and sigmoid mesocolon
113
Function of peritoneum
Produces fluid to reduce friction
114
Mesenteries
- Special Folds
- Blood supply and immunity
