Exam 5

Question 1

Neutrophil structure

Answer 1

Multi-lobed nucleus with granules

Question 2

Lymphocyte structure

Answer 2

Large nucleus, takes up almost whole cell

Question 3

Monocyte structure

Answer 3

Large nucleus, no granules

Question 4

Eosinophil structure

Answer 4

Large 2 lobed nucleus, granules

Question 5

Basophil structure

Answer 5

Large, bean shaped nucleus with granules

Question 6

Positive ELISA

Answer 6

Color change

Question 7

Negative ELISA

Answer 7

No color change

Question 8

Live attenuated

Answer 8

Live but weakened version of virus

Question 9

Inactivated

Answer 9

Killed virus

Question 10

Neutrophil function, prevalence

Answer 10

Most common, kill bacteria and viruses through phagocytosis, use NETs and Phagocytic, release granules into the tissue to kill bacteria

Question 11

Beta-lactams

Answer 11

Inhibit bacterial cell wall production, causing cell wall to break down- Anaerobic gram positives

Question 12

Fluoroquinolones- mechanism and effective against _________________

Answer 12

Prevent the unwinding of DNA, Gram positives (STIs)

Question 13

Sulfonamides- mechanism and effective against __________________

Answer 13

Inhibits folic acid by resembling PABA, precursor. Can treat gram-positives, some gram negatives. (Tonsillitis, septicemia, meningitis)

Question 14

P values

Answer 14

Greater or equal to .05- Too high

Question 15

How do sulfonamides work

Answer 15

Mimics PABA (precursor of folic acid, competitive inhibitor)

Question 16

Rifampicin

Answer 16

Prevent RNA synthesis by binding to prokaryotic RNA polymerase

Question 17

How do you treat schistosomiasis

Answer 17

Praziquantel- causes calcium to be released in cells of the worms, causing spasms and paralysis

Question 18

Lactoferrin

Answer 18

Binds to and isolates iron, starving bacteria. Found in Tears, mucus, saliva, and milk

Question 19

Lysozyme

Answer 19

Breaks bonds between peptidoglycan, effective against gram-positive bacteria. Found in tears, mucus, saliva, and milk

Question 20

All about complement proteins

Answer 20

Interacts with Fc region when antibodies coat pathogens to promote phagocytosis or degranulation with basophils

Question 21

Autocrine

Answer 21

Sent and received to same cell

Question 22

Know a bit about the differentiation of blood cells

Answer 22

Differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells. Lymphoid differentiate into NK cell, small lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, or plasma cell

Question 23

Functions of eosinophils

Answer 23

Phagocytic granulocytes, create DNA traps to kill parasites and start allergic reactions. Kill parasites through phagocytosis, 2-4%

Question 24

Basophils vs. mast cells

Answer 24

Basophils- Found in blood
Mast cells- Leave blood, found in tissues

Question 25

Functions of NK cells (very mechanistic)

Answer 25

Destroy cancer cells/virus-infected cells by recognizing MHC. Unhealthy cells have less MHC and an activating molecule that allows them to die

Question 26

Macrophages vs. dendritic cells

Answer 26

Dendritic cells are better at presenting pathogens as antigens by chopping them up

Question 27

Structure of antibodies

Answer 27

Y-shaped, 2 heavy and 2 light chains held together by disulfide bonds

Question 28

IgE vs. other antibodies

Answer 28

Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

Question 29

Where can we find MHC class II expressed

Answer 29

Macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

Question 30

How do we deal with autoreactive T cells

Answer 30

Self-destruction

Question 31

How can we activate B cells

Answer 31

Macrophages process and present fragments of pathogens as antigens

Question 32

Paracrine

Answer 32

Sent to nearby cell

Question 33

Endocrine

Answer 33

Sent through circulatory syndrome