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Medical Microbiology > Exam 6 > Flashcards

Exam 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Found most war deaths were due to disease, not injuries from battle

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2
Q

John snow

A

Found Cholera spread through fecal oral transmission (contaminated water) in 1854

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3
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Found handwashing and washing instruments reduced acquired infections

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4
Q

Austin Bradford hill

A

Pioneered clinical trials, found lung cancer can be caused by smoking “Bradford Hill criteria”

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5
Q

Descriptive

A

case analysis and patient histories

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6
Q

Analytical

A

determine cause and effect of disease

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7
Q

Retrospective

A

gather data from the past like medical histories

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8
Q

Prospective

A

follow patients and monitor their disease state through the study

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9
Q

Cohort studies -

A

determine frequency of disease given a factor

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10
Q

Case-control

A

compare a group of individuals with a disease with a group without a disease
Test factors in the past that may explain the differences between groups
Compare frequency of disease in cases vs. controls given the amount of exposure to some cause

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11
Q

Cross-sectional -

A

analyzes randomly selected individuals in a population, comparing affected vs. unaffected
Look for associations between the disease and other variables, but do not show cause and effect
“Snapshot” in time, and shows prevalence of a disease

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12
Q

Phase 1:

A

Ensures safety, determines the distribution of chemical in the body. Checking for serious adverse effects

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13
Q

Phase 2:

A

Dosage and effectiveness (usually compared to current standard/placebo)

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14
Q

Phase 3:

A

Large group, safety and effectiveness for many different people (Must work better than placebo/current standard)

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15
Q

<1

A

protective factor

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16
Q

> 1

A

risk factor

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17
Q

R

A

Strength of correlation between 2 variables

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18
Q

r^2

A

How good model is for accounting for variation

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19
Q

WHO-

A

Eradicated smallpox, almost eradicated polio, SARS epidemic, can declare public health emergencies, travel/trade restrictions, treatment guidelines ,coordination of scientific data

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20
Q

CDC

A

Detect, control, and prevent disease and disability worldwide. Eradicated measles and rubella.

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21
Q

NIH

A

Biggest agency involved in biomedical research, budget of ~$47 billion this year and ~11,000 research projects. Developed new vaccines, tools, and treatments

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22
Q

True positive

A

Test shows paitent is sick, patient is sick

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23
Q

True -

A

Patient is healthy, test comes back as healthy

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24
Q

False +:

A

Patient is healthy, test comes back as sick

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25
False -
Patient is sick, result comes back as not sick
26
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges- coverings of the brain and spinal cord
27
Encephalitis
Brain tissue inflammation
28
Circulatory- parts and infection can lead to what?
heart, blood, blood vessels. Infections can lead to systemic infection
29
Lymphatic- parts, nature of fluid, produces what?
Lymph nodes and vessels, bone marrow, thymus, stationary fluid. Produces leukocytes
30
Bacteremia
bacteria in circulatory system, spread throughout bloodstream
31
Sepsis- what is it, symptoms, causes?
systemic inflammatory response, high fever, low blood pressure, blood clots, multiple organ failure. Can be caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses
32
Peptone
Nitrogen source derived from digested proteins
33
Yeast Extract
Source of B vitamins and amino acids
34
Sucrose
Fermentable carbohydrate
35
Phenol Red
pH indicator that turns yellow in acidic conditions
36
Sodium Chloride
When sufficient amounts are added, makes the media selective
37
Agar
Solidifying agent
38
Reservoir
living organisms or nonliving sites (such as the soil) where a pathogen normally lives and grows
39
Passive carrier
not infected with the pathogen, simply transporting it (like a medical worker)
40
Active carrier
is infected with the pathogen
41
definitive hosts
are organisms that support the sexual reproduction of parasites
42
Intermediate hosts
support the growth of immature forms of parasites or asexual reproduction
43
Contact transmission -
direct or indirect physical contact
44
Vertical -
mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding,
45
Indirect contact involves
Fomites that are contaminated with pathogens, eg contaminated drinking water and food (fecal-oral, cholera
46
Surface persistence is how long
a pathogen can stay infectious on an inanimate object, influenced by temperature & humidity
47
Droplet -
direct spray of mucus & saliva when someone sneezes or coughs, tend not to spread that far
48
Airborne transmission
is a type of indirect transmission that involves smaller particles (aerosols), spread very far
49
Vector transmission
Mechanical or biological vectors, typically arthropods, can also transmit disease
50
Rabies
Viral infection of the nervous system, transmitted by saliva or brain/nervous system tissue . Symptoms: Weakness, fever, hydrophobic, insomnia, delirium, hallucinations Diagnosis: RT-PCR, ELISA Treatment: Post exposure prophylaxis and rabies immunoglobulin to prevent infection
51
Endocarditis
Infection of the endocardium (inmost layer of the heart) Caused by various bacteria such as S. aureus and Haemophilus Acute infection can destroy the heart valves within days Involves “vegetations” (blood clots colonized by bacteria) Diagnosed with echocardiogram and blood cultures, treated with multiple antibiotics
52
Toxic shock
Some Staph aureus produce a superantigen called TSST-1 Can occur as a complication of pneumonia or feminine hygiene products Sudden vomiting, myalgia, fever, and hypotension Mortality rate only 3%, diagnosed by clinical signs and detection of toxin Treated with vasopressors and antibiotics (clindamycin + vancomycin or daptomycin)
53
Gas Gangrene
Injuries and some conditions like diabetes can interrupt blood flow to a part of the body, causing gas gangrene Leads to ischemia (lack of oxygen) and allows strict anaerobic bacteria like Clostridium perfringens to thrive Causes rapidly spreading death of muscle tissue When sepsis occurs, mortality rate >50%
54
Plague
Plague is a disease caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Yersinia pestis Three varieties: bubonic (mortality rate: 10-55%), pneumonic (50-100%), and septicemic (50-100%) Transmitted by the bites of infected fleas Bacteria localizes to lymph nodes where it causes inflammation and swelling Damage to circulatory system can cause tissue death Many different virulence factors including capsule (anti-phagocytic) and siderophores (to get iron) Diagnosed by culturing fluid from a bubo (swollen lymph node) as well as ELISA and fluorescent antibody tests Treated with streptomycin, tetracyclines, or ciprofloxacin but should be done within 24 hours of symptoms
55
Ebola
Ebola Virus Disease is caused by Ebolavirus, a single-stranded RNA filovirus Spreads via direct contact with body fluids; dead bodies remain infectious Starts with fever, headache, and pain, progresses to bleeding in the GI tract after 3 days Leads to delirium, coma, and multiple organ failure (50% case fatality rate) Diagnosis is done using ELISA or PCR No officially approved effective treatment other than supportive therapy like rehydration Monoclonal antibodies like inmazeb can be given that block viral entry and attachment A viral vector vaccine was approved in 2019
56
Problem in the lab: How would you resolve mismeasuring ingredients?
Zero out the scale after putting weigh boat on it, carefully read numbers on scale
57
A new pharmaceutical has been developed to cure cytomegalovirus infection, since this is a major cause of congenital blindness. Investigators plan a clinical trial with [details redacted]. Argue which phase this is (1-4) and why.
Stage 1: You're beginning to test a new drug, and the main focuses now are testing for serious adverse effects
58
Horizontal -
any other type of contact
59
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI (~50% of sexually active people)
Small, non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus Transmission: sex and close skin-skin contact Can cause cervical cancer, penis cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer (viral genes act as oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell growth)
60
Chlamydia
Common STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, -Gram-negative bacterium that can only replicate while it is inside a host cell Uses a molecular syringe to inject effector proteins into host cells to manipulate them Transmission: sexual contact, but can affect other organs such as the eyes
61
Gonorrhea
Common STI caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae -Gram-negative bacterium that survives phagocytosis and sabotages the immune system
62
Chlamydia SDT
Symptoms: usually asymptomatic (70-95% of the time), can result in cervical bleeding, urethritis (leads to difficulty/pain while urinating), can lead to ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and pelvic inflammatory disease Diagnosis: PCR or ELISA Treatment: Antibiotics such as tetracycline and azithromycin (resistance is uncommon)
63
Gonorrhea SDT
Symptoms: usually asymptomatic, though can cause dysuria, urethral discharge, testicular pain, or vaginal bleeding Even when asymptomatic, can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, lead to infertility, or spread to the blood Diagnosis: PCR or culture of a urine sample or swab Treatment: Antibiotics (ceftriaxone + azithromycin) but resistance is very common, can be incurable

Medical Microbiology (8 decks)

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