Exam 5 Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is the hierarchy of biological organization?
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, to biosphere;
What is the difference between physiology and anatomy?
Physiology studies function, while anatomy studies structure
Understanding both is crucial for comprehending how organisms work.
What are the four human tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Each type has distinct structures and functions.
What is an example of a tissue from each of the four human tissue types?
- Epithelial: skin
- Connective: bone
- Muscle: cardiac muscle
- Nervous: neuron
These examples represent the diversity of tissue functions.
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation
Epithelial tissue serves as a barrier and interface with the environment.
What is another name for fat tissue?
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue plays a role in energy storage and insulation.
What is the most abundant tissue in most animals?
Connective tissue
Connective tissue supports, binds, and protects other tissues.
What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect bones to bones
Both are types of connective tissue but serve different functions.
What are the functions of the various human organ systems?
Support, movement, circulation, respiration, digestion, reproduction, and regulation
Each organ system works together to maintain homeostasis.
Give an example of an organ from the respiratory system.
Lungs
The lungs are essential for gas exchange.
What are the four stages of food processing?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
These stages are crucial for nutrient acquisition.
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth
Digestion begins with mechanical and chemical processes.
Where does the majority of digestion occur?
In the small intestine
The small intestine is specialized for nutrient breakdown and absorption.
Where does the majority of absorption occur?
In the small intestine
The small intestine has a large surface area for efficient nutrient uptake.
Where is water primarily absorbed in the digestive system?
In the large intestine
The large intestine reclaims water from indigestible food.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing
The epiglottis is a flap that ensures food passes into the esophagus.
What do gastric glands secrete?
Digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid
These secretions aid in the digestion of food in the stomach.
What roles do the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play in digestion?
- Liver: produces bile
- Pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes
- Gallbladder: stores bile
These organs collaborate to facilitate digestion and nutrient absorption.
Why are some nutrients referred to as ‘essential’?
They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet
Essential nutrients are critical for various bodily functions.
What mineral is needed for proper functioning of nerves, muscles, and bones?
Calcium
Calcium is vital for muscle contraction and nerve signaling.
What is the most significant type of malnutrition on a global basis?
Protein-energy malnutrition
This type of malnutrition affects millions worldwide.
What are the different regions of the digestive tube?
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Anus
Each region has specialized functions in the digestive process.
What is the difference between a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system?
Closed circulatory systems have blood contained within vessels, while open systems have blood that bathes organs directly
Closed systems are more efficient for transporting nutrients and gases.
What are the functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries?
- Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
- Veins: carry blood to the heart
- Capillaries: facilitate exchange of substances
These blood vessels form a network that supports circulation.
