exam 5 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
- skeletal
- usually voluntary
- neuromuscular junction
- one nerve fiber from CNS to effector; no ganglia
- ACh
- always excitatory
- flaccid paralysis
A
somatic NS
2
Q
- glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
- usually involuntary
- usually varicosities
- 2 nerve fibers from CNS to effector; synapse at a ganglion
- ACh + NE
- excitatory + inhibitory
- denervation hypersensitiivty
A
autonomic
3
Q
LMN has cell body in brainstem or spinal cord, axon leaves + synapses with the effector (skeletal muscle)
A
somatic NS
4
Q
2 motor neuron chain starting at brainstem or spinal cord
- preganglionic neuron with cell body in CNS. axon leaves
- ganglionic (postganglionic) neuron with cell body in ganglia
A
ANS
5
Q
- release signaling molecules which lets them function as endocrine signals (enables more widespread effects)
A
sympathetic NS
6
Q
- always polysnaptic
- involve visceral sensory neurons
- integrating centers is not necessarily in the CNS
- effectors are things like glands, smooth muscle, or cardiac muscle
A
visceral arc compared to somatic reflex arcs
7
Q
ANS splits into?
A
PNS + SNS
8
Q
PNS + SNS typically have ____ ____ of viscera with opposing effects
A
dual innervation
9
Q
- usually the primary controller of heart rate + maintenance functions; promotes energy conservation
- cranial + sacral region
- tightly controlled
A
PNS
10
Q
fight/flight; deals with threatening situations
A
SNS
11
Q
- fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
- pre-ganglionic fivers are short
- post-ganglionic fibers are long
- ganglia are close to the spinal cord
ON EXCEPTION IN HTE ADRENAL MEDULLA
A
SNS
12
Q
- fibers originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
- pre-ganglionic fibers are long
- post-ganglionic fibers are short
- ganglia are within or near visceral effector organs
A
PNS
13
Q
- pre-ganglioninc neurons have cell bodies in lateral horns of spina cord
- axons pass through communicating rami (aka rami communicant)
- may synapse at sympathetic chain of ganglia (sympathetic chain ganglia) or pre-ganglionic axons pass through them
- arrestor pili muscles and sweat glands of skin; smooth muscle of most blood vessels
A
SNS
14
Q
myelinated(pre-ganglionic axons)
A
white communication rami
15
Q
unmyelinated(post-ganglionic axons)
A
grey communicating rami
16
Q
- synapse at the same level of sympathetic chain ganglia
- synapse art a higher or lower level of sympathetic chain ganglia
- synapse in a distant ganglia (emerges from chain ganglia without synapsing)
A
where pre-ganglionic neurons synapse (SNS)
17
Q
- oculomotor 3
- facial 7
- glossopharyngeal IX
- vagus X
- neurons with cell bodies in the sacral region and send motor info to pelvic organs
A
PNS associated with cranial nerves + sacral region of the spinal cord
18
Q
all pre-ganglionic release ____ but major NTs used by post ganglionic axons differs
A
ACh
19
Q
synapses that use ___ are adrenergic
A
NE
20
Q
synpases that use _____ are called cholinergic
A
ACh
21
Q
- preganglionic
- brainstem or sacral region
- long axon
ACh - msec
A
PNS pre-ganglia
22
Q
- post-ganglionic
- near or in organ
- short axon
-ACh - msec
A
PNS post ganglia
23
Q
pre-ganglionic
- lateral horns of spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar regions)
- short axon
- ACh
- sec
A
SNS pre-ganglionic
24
Q
post-ganglionic
- sympathetic chain, collateral, adrenal medullar
- long axon
- NE (usually at varicosities) (seconds)
- adrenal medulla (mostly EPI + some NE into blood) (mins)
A
sympathetic post-ganglionic
25
T/F
ACh łasts ~20 msec
T
26
boss; overall integration of ANS
hypothalamus
27
regulates pupil size, HR, BP, airflow, salivation, etc.
brainstem (reticular formation)
28
reflexes for urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation
spinal cord
29
process centers in ____ ____ coordinate complex reflexes
medulla oblongata
30
- receptors transduce stimuli --> convert stimulus into change in membrane potential (graded potential) --> action potential
- receptors monitors an area called receptive field
- receptors can display specificity for particular stimuli
- In the presence of a stimulus, receptors may be 1. always active (***tonic = slow-adapting***) or only active for a short period in response to environmental change(***PHASIC = FAST-ADAPTING***)
receptor characteristics
31
graded potential is called a _____ ___ when another cell type is the receptor --> graded potential in this case alters the rate of NT release by the sensory receptor cell
receptor potential
32
receptive field size affects ability to ___ ___
- 2 pt discrimination
localize stim
33
- free nerve endings
- association with accessory structures
- connective tussle around her endings
- nerve endings wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue are called ___
encapsulated; structural complexity can affect receptor specificity
34
always active
- AP are generated at a freq that reflects the background level of stimulation
- when stem increases or decreases the rate of AP generation changes accordingly
- transmit info that has protective importance
ex. proprioception, pain
tonic (slow-adapting) receptors
35
normally inactive
- AP are generated only for a short time in response to a change in conditions they are monitoring
- useful for detecting changes in internal or external environment
ex. smell, hair movement, vibration
phasic (fast-adapting) receptor
36
1. nociceptors
2. thermoreceptors
3. mechanoreceptors
4. chemoreceptors
5. photoreceptors
stimulus detection by receptors
37
- detect physical distortion of the membrane
- free nerve endings : distal ends may be modified ("swelling" or "disc like endings")
- endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules (capsules help shield form other types of stimuli)
ex. tactile receptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors
mechanoreceptors
38
detection of dissolved chemical stimuli
- to smell and taste things, we also have to dissolve the chemical compounds in a fluid
chemoreceptors
39
- sensory info from skin, special senses
0 receptors at or neat body surface
- outside body
exteroceptors
40
- inside body
- viscera
- stretch of organ or tissue, chemical changes, pain, temp
interoceptors
41
inside body
- skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
- stretch, length, movement at joint
proprioceptors
42
- temp
- pain
- touch
- pressure
- vibration
- proprioception
- vibration
- dissolved chemicals
general senses
43
- olfaction
- gustation
- vision
- equilibrium
- hearing
special senses
44
____ can reduce the ant of sensory info reaching the CNS and cerebral cortex
adaptation
45
frequency and pattern of _____ provides info about the stimulus such as strength duration and variation
AP
46
the ____ ____ that is activated tells the brain about the types of stimulus and where it is coming from
the labeled line
47
your perception of the nature of stim depends on the path it takes in the ___
CNS
48
which 2 senses are dissolved chemical stimuli detected by chemoreceptors associated with special epithelium
1. olfaction
2. gustation
49
light detected by photoreceptors (rods _ cones) located on the retina of the eye
vision
50
hair cells located within specialized structures in the inner ear detect mechanical stimuli
4. hearing
5. equilibrium
51
gustation is associated with taste buds found in?
lingual papillae, pharynx, larynx
52
______ papillae dont have taste buds, instead main role is to help provide friction for manipulating food; associated sensory neurons convey info about food texture
filiform
53
receptors associated with the dendrites of sensory neurons
- __ hairs(microvilli) of receptor cells are bathed in saliva, are the area of the cell that detects the stimuli
- basal cells divide to produce new taste cells
taste
54
oranifc substance
sweet
55
mental ions
salty
56
acids
sour
57
alkaloid s
bitter
58
glutamate + asparatate
umami
59
taste involves what cranial nerves
facial 7, glossopharyngeal 9 + vagus 10
60
relay info to cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, + other limbic system structures
thalamus relay pathway
61
at ___, can also initiate digestive reflexes, protective reflexes
medulla
62
olfactory organs are located itch superior portion of the ____ ____ on each side of of the nasal septum
nasal cavity
63
olfactory receptors are modified ____ ____ neurons
bipolar sensory
64
outer(external) _ middle ear are involved in sound ___
conduction
65
inner(internal) ear has the organs of ____ & ____ that transduce stimuli
hearing + equilibrium
66
what are the 2 layers of olfactory organs
- lamina propria
- olfactory epithelium
67
pattern of which neurons are activated determine the ____
odor
68
axons from neurons with the same kind of receptor ____ in hearing
converge
69
olfactory info is relayed directly to the _____ cortex; NO THALAMUS
olfactory
70
sound travels as waves of _____ ____
compressed air
71
______ ____ is a series of sacs and ducts that is within the path of the b body labyrinth
membranous labyrinth
72
____ similar to CS, found btw bony and membranous labyrinths
perilymph
73
sacs and ducts contain ____ which is similar to the intracellular fluid
endolymph
74
___ is. based on freq sound
pitch
75
based on sound energy, intensity, or amp
loudness
76
_____ ____ stiffens the tympanic mem
tensor tympani
77
____ reduces the movement of the stapes
stapedius
78
superior passageway, oval window to apex, contains perilymph
scala vestibuli
79
inferior passageway, apex to round window, contains perilymph
scala tympani
80
in middle, contains endolymph + spiral organ of cortical (where mechanoreceptors are found)
cochlear duct
81
mechanoreceptors are located on the top of a thick, but flexible ____ ____
basilar membrane
82
hairs or ____ are stiffened microvilli that bend(distort) at their base, the pushed up against the stationary tectorial membrane
stereocilia
83
basilar mem is stiffest at its ___
base
84
high freq sounds vibrate near the ____ and low freq sounds towards the ____
base; end
85
location of maximal distortion
pitch
86
freq of action potentials
loudness
87
rotational movements
semicircular canals
88
horizontal movement
vestibule *MACULA OF UTRICLE*
89
vertical movement
vestibule *MACULA OF saccule*
90
displacement of gelatinous material distorts hairs altering ____ release
NT
91
where do u find hair cells within the vestibular complex
anterior, posterior, lateral semicircular ducts
92
in maculae, hairs are embedded in ____ _____
otolith membranes
otoliths increase's membrane's weight + inertia
93
hair cells associated with semicircular canals are found in expanded areas called ____
ampullae
94
hair cells associated with ampule transduce information about ______ movement
rotational
95
eyeball is located within the orbit and surrounded by ____ ___
orbital fat
96
____ ___ + adipose serve protective functions
bony orbit
97
_____ eye muscles help maintain shape of eyeball, hold it in place
extrinsic
98
shade + keep perspiration from reaching the eye
eyebrows
99
reflexive ____ of eyelids help protect the eye from debris, spread secretions across eye
blinking
100
associating with lots of Neve endings, reflexive blinking
eyelash hair
101
what are the strictures of orbital region
eyebrows, eyelashes, and eyelids (palpebral), tarsal glands, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus
102
modified sebaceous glands with ducts that open at the eyelid edge --> oil films help prevent evaporative water loss/dryign out of the eyes
tarsal glands
103
mucous membranes comprised of stratified squamous epithelium --> aids in keeping the eye most and lubricated, protection
conjunctiva
104
- provide nutrients, 02 to epithelial cells of cornea
- contain lysozyme (antibacterial) & antibodies
- mix with other secretions help clean and lubraicte the eye, dilute/wash away irritants, keep eye from drying out
tears
105
- 3 layers that form the wall of eye = ?
fibrous layer vascular layer + inner layer
106
optical competes that admit and focus light?
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body
107
detect light stimuli and relay visual info ?
retina + optic nerve
108
- clear, avascular
- collagen covered by stratified squamous epithelium
- significant role in refraction (bending of light)
cornea
109
white of the eye
- protects and shapes eye
attachment extrinsic eye muscle
sclera
110
controls the diameter of the pupil
iris
111
holds the lens in place, controls lens shape, and produces aqueous humor (drains at scleral venous sinus)
ciliary body
112
contains blood vessels and melanocytes
choroid
113
___ body consists of ciliary muscles, ciliary processes, and ciliary zones
ciliary
114
light travels:
cornea --> aqueous humor --> _____ --> virtuous humor --> neural layer of ____ --> reaches outer segments of rods + cones embedded in pigmented layer
lens; retina
115
light is refracted (bent) as it enters ____, enters the ____, and leaves the _____
cornea; lens; lens
116
as object distance changes, lens shape can be changes to focus on object (_______)
accommodation
117
far object ---> _____ focal distance --> need to lengthen (increase) focal distance to get the light to spike the retina properly
short
118
near object ---> _____ focal distance --> need to shorten (decrease ) focal distance to get the light to spike the retina properly
long
119
image lands on the retina ____ ____, left to right reversed
upside down
120
- transmitting light
- supporting the lens + retina
- counteracting pulling forces exerted by extrinsic eye muscles
vitreous humor
121
secreted by cells in local area; influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted
autocrine
122
produced by a wide variety of tissues + secreted into extracellular fluid; has localized effect on nearby tissues
paracrine
123
produced by neurons; secreted into synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals; travels short distances; influences postsynaptic cells
NT
124
secreted into blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in coordinated regulation of cell function; called hormones
endocrine
125
1. reproduction
2. growth + development
3. regulation of cellular metabolism + energy balance
4. electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance
5. mobilization of body defense
endocrine system coordinates + regulates complex processes including:
126
- monoamines or biogenic amines
- can be stored in vesicles
- free hormone dissolved in plasma
- cell surface associated receptors
- involve 2nd messenger system
- typical shorter half life
hydrophilic
127
- lipid soluble hormones (steroids)
- cannot be produced + stored --- will be secreted as it is produced
- bound hormones -- bound to carrier protein
- intracellular
- hormone receptor complex usually affects transcription
- typically longer half life
hydrophobic
128
receptors for hormones can be in the plasma membrane or ______
intracellular
129
1. hormone concentration
2. amplification
3. relative receptor conceptions (upregulation or down regulation)
4. receptor affinity for hormone
5. interactions with other hormones
affects the magnitude of the response to a hormone
130
more receptors with higher affinity for the hormone, the effect will be more ____
pronounced
131
fewer receptors with lower affinity, there is either ____ responsiveness or endocrine dysfunction
reduced
132
hormones have opposing effects
antagonistic
133
hormones have additive effects
synergistic
134
one hormone enhances target's response to second one that come later
permissive
135
1. bind targets
2. cleared or broken own at kidneys or liver
3. broken down by enzymes
hormones can be inactivated
136
regulating concentrations typically involve _____ feedback
negative
137
hormones that bind transport proteins are broken down more ______
slowly
138
regulating hormones can be ______ or ______ hormones
releasing; inhibiting
139
- tropic hormones
- GH, prolactin, melanocyte situating hormone ***ACTH***
- glandular
- makes hormones that it secretes
- hormonal -- releasing hormones from hypothalamus
- associate with portal system (vein capillary vein) --- hormones must travel through blood to reach pituitary
anterior pituitary
140
- ADH
- Oxytocin
- neural tissue
- manufactured by hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary
- neural --- hypothalamus nuerons fires an action potential which travels down its axons (axon terminal is in posterior pituitary)
- neural stimulus
posterior pituitary
141
deals with LH + FSH
GnRH
142
_____ cortex secrete corticoids and androgens
adrenal
143
____ _____ secretes neuroendocrine signals associated with the sympathetic division
adrenal medulla
