Exam 5 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
what lies in retroperitoneal space?
A
kidneys, ureters
2
Q
what lies in infraperitoneal space?
A
bladder, urethra
3
Q
Which kidney is lower?
A
R, bc of liver
4
Q
kidneys lie at what vertical angle to the MSP?
A
20º
5
Q
which kidney pole is closer to the midline?
A
upper
6
Q
which kidney border is more ant? (med./lat.)
A
med.
7
Q
kidneys lie at what angle to MCP?
A
30º
8
Q
30º LPO for IVP shows what?
A
L kidney and ureter, with the R kidney in profile (II to IR)
9
Q
kidneys are normally located midway btw?
A
xiphoid process and iliac crest
10
Q
top of L kidney at what level?
A
T11/12
11
Q
bottom of R kidney at what level?
A
L3
12
Q
which are more anterior? renal veins or arteries?
A
renal veins anterior to renal arteries
13
Q
average urine produced in 24 hours?
A
1.5 L
14
Q
what is composed of 8-18 conical masses? and what are those conical masses called?
A
medulla; renal pyramids
15
Q
apex of renal pyramid (that drains into minor calyces)?
A
renal papilla
16
Q
urine is formed where?
A
in nephron
17
Q
nephron?
A
structural and functional unit; 1 million per kidney
18
Q
nephron is made up of what?
A
glomerulus and long tubules
19
Q
filtrate from the collecting tubule flows to where?
A
minor calyx
20
Q
what is located within the kidney cortex?
A
glomeruli, glomerulus capsules, PCT/DCT of nephrons
21
Q
what is located w/in kidney medulla?
A
loop of henle & collecting tubules
22
Q
ureters lie anterior to what?
A
psoas major mm
23
Q
ureters enter what portion of bladder?
A
posterolateral
24
Q
ureter diameter?
A
1mm-1cm
25
kidney stones most commonly get stuck at which constrictive point?
UVJ
26
mucosa of trigone? the rest of bladder?
smooth; rugae
27
urine amount that causes desire to void?
250 mL
28
total capacity of bladder?
350-500 mL
29
rectum full of feces pushes the bladder how?
up and forward
30
female urethra length?
4 cm
31
male urethra length?
17.5 - 20 cm
32
what controls rate of bolus injection?
needle gauge, injection amount, contrast viscosity, vein stability, and injection force
33
what controls drip infusion?
clamp device
34
syncope
feinting/loss of consciousness
35
why are antecubital fossa veins preferred?
larger and easy to access
36
antecubital fossa veins include what 3 veins?
median cubital, cephalic, and basilic veins
37
what veins should tech avoid?
sclerotic, tortuous, overused, area of vein bifurcation, veins directly over arteries
38
size of needle determined by what?
size of vein
39
where do you place tourniquet?
3-4" above injection site
40
for venipuncture approach vein at what angle?
20-45º
41
you should observe what when securing a butterfly needle?
back flow of B
42
contrast w salt as cation?
ionic
43
contrast that creates a hypertonic condition?
ionic
44
contrast w high osmolality?
ionic
45
contrast w low osmolality?
nonionic
46
isotonic contrast?
nonionic
47
contrast that remains intact when injected?
nonionic
48
expensive contrast?
nonionic
49
Low Osmolality Organic Iodide contrast?
ionic contrast w nonionic characteristic (less dose required, less adverse reactions)
50
2 common side effects of contrast?
temp hot flashes, metallic taste
51
normal creatinine levels?
0.6 - 1.5 mg/dL
52
normal BUN levels?
8 - 25 mg/100 mL
53
metformin must be withheld at least how long long after exam?
48 hrs
54
2 local reactions to contrast?
extravasation and phlebitis (vein inflammation)
55
categories of systemic reactions?
mild (nonallergic), moderate (anaphylactic), severe (vasovagal reaction)
56
urticaria?
moderate-severe hives (moderate systemic reaction to contrast)
57
severe hypotension?
systolic BP < 80 mm Hg
58
severe bradycardia?
< 50 bpm
59
contrast reaction may not be identifiable for up to how long?
48 hrs
60
what must you do before IVU?
void bladder, clamp foley catheter
61
IVU is what kind of study?
f(x)al
62
pt's w what 2 disorders are at a particularly high risk when performing IVUs?
multiple myeloma (bone tumor) & pheochromocytoma (adrenal medulla tumor)
63
what can be done to pt's before exam to help reduce risks to high-risk pt's?
hydration therapy, normal saline IV drip, and diuretic (+ urine)
64
bladder carcinoma
tumor that's 3x's more common in males
65
most common urinary congenital abnormality?
duplication of ureter and renal pelvis
66
95% of fusion of horeshoe kidneys occur at which poles?
lower
67
cystisis
bladder inflammation more common in females
68
most common cause of enlarged kidneys?
polycystic kidney disease; appears as a "bunch of grapes" scattered throughout kidney
69
IVU pt prep?
NPO 8 hr, void bladder, clamp foley
70
ureteric compression?
to enhance filling and allow renal collecting system to retain contrast longer
71
when do you inflate ureteric compression paddles?
after injection of contrast
72
alt. to ureteric compression?
15º trendelenberg - similar results, less risks
73
IVU protocol?
KUB scout, 45s-1min nephrogram, 5-, 10-, 15-min AP supine, 20min 30º LPO/RPO, postvoid (prone/erect)
74
prolapsed bladder or enlarged prostate best confirmed...?
in erect pos
75
nephrogram shows what?
renal parenchyma blush w contrast
76
retrograde urography is what kind of study?
nonfunctional exam done in OR by urologist to determine location of obstructions
77
contrast flows into cystogram by what?
gravity! (only!)
78
VCU is what kind of study?
f(x)al
79
VCU projection for female?
AP
80
VCU projection for male?
30º RPO
81
nuclear med good for showing?
signs of organ rejection
82
CR for AP Cystography?
CR 10-15º caudad to 2" sup. to pubic symphysis
83
rotation for obl pos's of cystography?
45-60º
84
CR for post obl cystography?
perp to 2" sup. to pubic symphysis and 2" med. to ASIS
85
CR for lat cystography?
(w pb shield behind pt) perp to 2" sup. and post. to pubic symphysis
86
CR for VCU?
perp to pubic symphysis (AP female, 30º RPO male)
87
what is important before VCU?
remove foley catheter
88
renal cysts and adrenal masses are demonstrated during which phase of IVU?
nephrogram
89
larger exposure angle in tomography produces what kind of sections?
thinner
90
most common exposure angle for IVU?
10º
91
(post obl) which kidney is placed in profile or II to IR and best shown?
upside
92
(post obl) which ureter is projected away from spine and provides unobstructed view of this ureter?
downside
93
which post void IVU shows nephroptosis?
erect pos
94
which XR shows enhanced pelvic calyceal filling?
AP IVU w ureteric compression
95
what pos best shows possible fistulas?
lat
96
a ______ obl pos shows the posterolateral aspect of bladder, especially UVJ
steeper (60º)
97
what should you do to show urinary reflux for AP cystogram?
center higher at level of iliac crest
98
#1 reason for IVP?
hematuria
99
IVP must include?
pubic symphysis
100
cystograms evaluate?
bladder
101
VCUGs eval?
bladder + urethra
102
typical starting point for sthenic pt for nephrotomography?
8cm
