Exam Flashcards

Question

what is a crowd

Answer 1

A group of people temporarily gathered together

Answer 2

Casual crowd Conventional Crowd Expressive Crowd Acting Crowd

Answer 3

unrelated people who can form a casual group - a loose collection of people, use random labels (sports fans, bus driver, librarian, student); go out of their way not to have anything to do with one another (bus stop)

Answer 4

people who have gathered for a specific event (e.g. Wedding, school assembly, etc);usually conform to social norms considered appropriate for event

Answer 5

crowds that gather at events that have emotional appeal (e.g. Hockey game, concert); sense of excitement prevails

Answer 6

fuelled by a single purpose; could be social/political; when it turns violent, we call this a mob. A frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot; indulge in random violence

Answer 7

when it turns violent, we call this a mob.

Answer 8

frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot;

Answer 9

Excessive & uncontrollable emotion

Answer 10

A group, usually with religious or spiritual beliefs, that is organized around a charismatic leader

Answer 11

Anger can be a very destructive human emotion, leading to a situation where someone could ‘act without thinking’. This is due to the amygdala (a cluster or neurons located in the brain’s medial temporal lobe) overtaking the prefrontal cortex (the executive control centre of the brain – where planning and decision making occurs). When we get angry, the amygdala triggers the release of dopamine (a neurotransmitter in the brain- associated with the pleasure system – provides feelings of enjoyment and motivation to do certain activities) and adrenaline (a hormone released into the blood stream in response to physical or mental stress) which floods the system of our body causing muscle alertness and increased heart rate. Anger causes blood pressure to surge leading to massive levels of instability in the walls of the arteries. When angry, the release of adrenaline makes the heart beat more rapidly and forcefully – the amount of blood being pumped goes from around 4 liters to 20 liters per minute

Answer 12

Lust begins in the limbic system (a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, hypothalamus and amygdala that support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior and long term memory). The chemical messenger dopamine (which stimulates your reproductive organs causing sexual arousal) is produced by the hypothalamus (the brain’s thermostat – regulates pleasure, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, blood pressure, breathing…) and pituitary gland (controls certain body processes dealing with sex organ functions, blood pressure, growth, thyroid and metabolism). Studies in Italy show that “love is merely madness…” – Shakespeare. Serotonin (a neurotransmitter that regulates functions such as appetite, sleep patterns and emotions – also plays a part in the biochemistry of depression and anxiety) is a mood stabilizer produced by the body - but research indicates that low levels of serotonin can cause crazy, obsessive thinking brought on by new love. Oxytocin (facilitates sperm ejaculation in males stimulates muscle contractions during labour for mothers) is a powerful hormone. Thought to induce pair bonding (finding a mate),it is created by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. Oxytocin travels throughout the body when sexual stimulation occurs

Answer 13

1) When the group is like them in the first place. 2) When the person or group is popular or has high status. 3) When the person or group is attractive. 4) When the person or group is trustworthy or an expert.. 5) When the person is able to offer rewards or punishments.

Answer 14

If the group has the same values and interests and comes from a similar background, people are more likely to conform.

Answer 15

Researchers found subjects were less likely to jaywalk when a respectably dressed model did not jaywalk. But the subjects didn’t hesitate to jaywalk when a poorly dressed (apparently low-status) model did not jaywalk.

Answer 16

People like to identify with those people who are physically more attractive or admired. By conforming, they hope people will identify themselves as being attractive too.

Answer 17

When individuals are uncertain they often follow the lead of someone they trust or who is an expert on the subject

Answer 18

Often people in authority offer rewards or hand out punishments to make others conform to their wishes. Social psychologists call this type of conformity compliance.

Answer 19

the careful watching of a group; in some cases, living with its members and participating in heir culture

Answer 20

the study of small groups and individuals within a society

Answer 21

a sociological approach that analyzes social systems on a large scale

Answer 22

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes

Answer 23

against climate change, yet still drives a car that pollutes the earth

Answer 24

the belief that one’s own nation, culture or ethnic group is superior to all others

Answer 25

clinical and experimental

Answer 26

is the branch of the discipline that develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioural disorders Eg. Psychologists treat dangerous offenders in federal prisons in an attempt to prevent them from reoffending on release

Answer 27

The branch of the discipline that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations

Answer 28

when there are more people around, they are less likely to act/call for help/etc because they think someone else will

Answer 29

non-numerical data

Answer 30

numerical data

Answer 31

nature-- everything is inherited nurture-- everything depends on how you were raise there is no "right answer" it is constantly debated

Answer 32

how reliable/trustworthy is the data, scientist conducting experiment, etc

Answer 33

psychology, the term aggression refers to a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, other or objects in the environment. This type of social interaction centers on harming another person, either physically or mentally

Answer 34

Physical Verbal Mental Emotional

Answer 35

impulsive instrumental hostile

Answer 36

also known as affective aggression, is characterized by strong emotions, usually anger. This form of aggression is not planned and often takes place in the heat of the moment. When another car cuts you off in traffic and you begin yelling and berating the other driver, you are experiencing impulsive aggression

Answer 37

also known as predatory aggression, is marked by behaviors that are intended to achieve a larger goal. Instrumental aggression is often carefully planned and usually exists as a means to an end. Hurting another person in a robbery or car-jacking is an example of this type of aggression. The aggressors goal is to obtain money or a vehicle, and harming another individual is the means to achieve that aim

Answer 38

People who grow up witnessing more forms of aggression are more likely to believe that such violence and hostility are socially acceptable. Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that observation can also play a role in how aggression is learned. Children who watched a video clip where an adult model behaved aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate those actions when given the opportunity

Answer 39

Assertiveness is often confused, or connected with, aggressive behaviours For example: a coach may say, “Be more aggressive!” when they should use the term assertive Assertiveness involves the use of legitimate and acceptable physical or verbal force to achieve one’s purpose No intent to cause harm is present

Answer 40

Theorizes that aggression is a function of learning and not biological Acts of aggression only serve to lay the foundation for more aggression, therefore, “purging” does not reduce the incidences Bandura – aggression has a circular effect. The pattern will continue until the circle is broken by a positive or negative reinforcement

Answer 41

primary goal is to injury another human being (P, E, M) The intent is to make the person suffer and the reinforcement (Skinner) is the pain that is caused Anger is always accompanied The goal is to harm, not win

Answer 42

We must attempt to distinguish the difference between a true antisocial personality disorder and situational antisocial behaviour (temporary circumstance-based

Answer 43

Hare stated that, “the difference between psychopathy and sociopathy (when assessing a condition in a person) reflects the user’s views on the origins and determinants of the clinical disorder”. They both fall under Antisocial Personality Disorder. In other words, the condition is forged entirely by social forces and call the condition sociopathy, whereas others are convinced that it is derived from a combination of psychological, biological and genetic factors and hence the term psychopathy

Answer 44

The cruelty of sociopaths finds no bounds, as there is often no recourse, treatment or punishment to permanently stop them. Sociopaths are extremely difficult to see in society and there is no “cure”, and most sociopaths do not want or seek out help to “get better”. The sociopath’s superficial charm is usually the means by which they condition people. On initial contact, a sociopath will often test other people’s empathy, so questions geared toward discovering whether you are highly empathetic or not should ring alarm bells. Example: “So, if I was having a hard day at work, how would you make me feel better?

Answer 45

superficial charm need for constant stimulation parasitic lifestyle manipulative behviour faking illness aggression/anti-social behaviour lack of empathy/remorse pathalogical lying

Answer 46

A loosely organized group of individuals who collaborate for social reasons. Modern gangs associate for anti-social reasons

Answer 47

Functioning in a state of mental and emotional well-being

Answer 48

a disturbance in thoughts and emotions that decreases a person’s capacity to cope with the challenges of everyday life

Answer 49

When someone appears to be different from us, we may view him/her in a negative stereotyped manner. Due to inaccuracies and misunderstandings, people have been led to believe that an individual with a mental illness has a weak character or is inevitably dangerous. The media, as a reflection of society, has done much to sustain a distorted view of mental illness

Answer 50

anciety disorders, personality disorders, mood disorders, Schizophrenic Disorders, Substance Related Disorders

Answer 51

Schizophrenic Disorders

Answer 52

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 53

A feeling that is created when we react to particular events. It is the body’s way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina and heightened alertness. THESE EVENTS ARE CALLED STRESSORS The way our body and mind reacts to life changes Webster’s defines it as a physical or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and that may be a factor in causing disease

Answer 54

events that cause stress (tests)

Answer 55

physical and chemical --infections, toxins, illnesses, injuries emotions --relationships (friends and family) Psychological --mental illness, cognitive reasoning

Answer 56

regulated breathing (TUZA) mindfulness visualization muscle relaxation— body scans

Answer 57

many people use these terms interchangeably “anxiety is a sense of apprehension or doom that s accompanied by certain physiological reactions, such as accelerated heart rate, sweaty palms, and tightness in the stomach” (calson and heth, 2010) panic disorder, phobic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder stress alleviated by removing the stressor anxiety continues after the stressor is removed

Answer 58

there becomes signs of stress and inflimation

Answer 59

employed for all decision people make step-by-sept process where you break down the steps as thought you are creating your own adventure story as we speak— we conduct a search through our brain to use the right words we map things out and respond in hat may seem like a natural way our brains process info so fact, that many of our actions seem thoughtless

Answer 60

encounter problem—\> encode or store info—\> infer possible relationships—\> map info—\> apply possible responses—\> does answer work—\> respond (yes)

Answer 61

applying general assumptions to specific cases

Answer 62

e.g. all turtles have shells. The animal I have captured is a turtle. I conclude that the animal in my bad has a shell. a guitar has strings and makes sounds. A violin has strings. Therefore the violin must also make sound. All human have brains. Miss Wagner us a human; therefore, she has a brain (that usually functions well ;))

Answer 63

collecting specific information to form a general assumption (generalizations and false assumptions)

Answer 64

All sheep that I have seen are white. All sheep must be white. Most men enjoy sports. John is a man. He must enjoy sports. Most women enjoy cooking. My mom is a woman. She must enjoy cooking

Answer 65

reward centre of the brain: limbic system decision to use drugs or not: prefrontal cortex neurotransmitter: dopamine

Answer 66

cognitive behavioural therapy contingency management motivational enhancement therapy family therapy

Answer 67

tolerance-- so when a person does drugs, they build up a little tolerance each time and the body needs more of the drug in order to feel the way they did the first time (they crave the dopamine release), and eventually they have a reliance on the drug and need it all the time

Answer 68

Marijuana (Cannabis) MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly) Mescaline (Peyote) Methamphetamine. Over-the-counter. Cough/Cold Medicines. (Dextromethorphan or DXM) PCP. Prescription Opioids. Prescription Sedatives. (Tranquilizers, Depressants)

Answer 69

Injection drug use. Lots of people know that injection drug use and needle sharing contribute to the risk of spreading HIV/AIDS. Injection drug use is when a drug is injected into a tissue or vein with a needle. When people share “equipment”—such as needles, syringes, and other drug injection tools—HIV can be passed between users because the bodily fluid (for example, blood) from the infected person can remain on the equipment. Other infections—such as hepatitis C—can also be spread this way. Hepatitis C can cause liver disease and permanent liver damage. Poor judgment and risky behavior. Drugs and alcohol affect the way a person makes choices and can lead to unsafe sexual practices, which put them at risk for getting HIV or giving it to someone else. Biological effects of drugs. Drug use and addiction can make HIV and its consequences worse, especially in the brain. For example, research has shown that HIV causes more harm to nerve cells in the brain and greater cognitive (thinking) damage among people who use methamphetamine than among people with HIV who do not use drugs.

Answer 70

American Psychological Association

Answer 71

running head (top of page, 50 characters or less, first page has "Running head: W DLIQY" and the rest do not have "running head" headings are in the centre, textual difference references are alphabetical, hanging indent, listed under "references" in-text citations are in bracets

Answer 72

the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own

Answer 73

kicked out of school, 0% on paper, achedemic probabtion, etc

Answer 74

your own work, other's work, information, ideas

Answer 75

dislike of or prejudice against Islam or Muslims, especially as a political force

Answer 76

intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries

Answer 77

informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society. Social psychology recognizes smaller group units, such as a team or an office, may also endorse normsseparately or in addition to cultural or societal expectations