Unit 3 Flashcards

Question

how does the evolutionary theory differ from others

Answer 1

This differs from other theories that view change as disruptive and negative, this theory views change as a positive and beneficial force in society

Answer 2

Auguste Comte

Answer 3

theorists are interested in studying how societies maintain stability and social order in the face of so many competing forced that drive change

Answer 4

Social institutions are a necessity; in a simple society, institutions are undifferentiated, meaning that a single institution served many functions

Answer 5

Eg. a family is a small institution— preforms reproductive, educational, social and economic functions These institutions generate new norms, roles, social expectations and relationships

Answer 6

``` Every society is subject to constant change and that change brings disorganization and conflict, subjecting society to constant conflict this goes beyond what Marx had said (that struggle is only between rich and poor), it says that there is strain between those with authority (commanding class) and those in the obey class (those without authority) who are forced to follow the command class Concerned with the inequalities that plague societies ```

Answer 7

Marxists; groups with opposing interests are in conflict

Answer 8

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that observation can also play a role in how aggression is learned. Children who watched a video clip where an adult model behaved aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate those actions when given the opportunity

Answer 9

Excessive & uncontrollable emotion

Answer 10

A group, usually with religious or spiritual beliefs, that is organized around a charismatic leader

Answer 11

fuelled by a single purpose; could be social/political; when it turns violent

Answer 12

an acting crowd

Answer 13

riot and mob

Answer 14

frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot; indulge in random violence

Answer 15

a large public gathering at which people perform an unusual or seemingly random act and then disperse, typically organized by means of the Internet or social media.

Answer 16

A broad term that refers to the ways people act in crowds, social movements or across an entire culture or society. Usually spontaneous May be unpredictable Can be localized (people gathering in the same place at same time) or dispersed (scattered, and spread over a wide area) Can also be irrational and even dangerous

Answer 17

casual crowd, conventional crowd, expressive crowd, acting crowd

Answer 18

unrelated people who can form a casual group - a loose collection of people, use random labels (sports fans, bus driver, librarian, student); go out of their way not to have anything to do with one another (bus stop

Answer 19

people who have gathered for a specific event (e.g. Wedding, school assembly, etc);usually conform to social norms considered appropriate for event

Answer 20

crowds that gather at events that have emotional appeal (e.g. Hockey game, concert); sense of excitement prevails

Answer 21

fuelled by a single purpose; could be social/political; when it turns violent, we call this a mob. A frenzied, unorganized & emotional crowd without any particular purpose or goal is a riot; indulge in random violence

Answer 22

a form of collective behaviour by people who are promoting or resisting change to some aspect of society. Can have broad-based goals aimed at changing society in fundamental ways e.g. Political movements Usually more organized & longer lasting

Answer 23

First Category: Those that seek an alternative or change in a narrow segment of society 2) Second Category: Those that seek limited change but encompass the whole society 3) Third Category: Revolutionary; try to make change to basic structure of society

Answer 24

(e.g. MADD)

Answer 25

(e.g. Debate over the death penalty)

Answer 26

e.g. Separatist movement in Quebec)

Answer 27

biological and environmental

Answer 28

Biological factors can play a role. Men are more likely than women to engage in physical aggression. While researchers have found that women are less likely to engage in physical aggression, they also suggest that women do use non-physical forms such as verbal aggression, relational aggression and social rejection.

Answer 29

Environmental factors also play a role, including how people were raised. People who grow up witnessing more forms of aggression are more likely to believe that such violence and hostility are socially acceptable

Answer 30

verbal, mental and physical

Answer 31

hitting or pushing

Answer 32

Intimidating or verbally berating another person, for example, are examples of verbal, mental and emotional aggression so basically it goes hand in hand with mental aggression as well

Answer 33

involves the use of LEGITIMATE and acceptable physical or verbal force to achieve one's purpose. No intent to cause harm is present

Answer 34

Instinctive theory, social learning theory, theory of moral reasoning and aggression, reformulated frustration-gression theory

Answer 35

Assertiveness is often confused, or connected with, aggressive behaviours For example: a coach may say, “Be more aggressive!” when they should use the term assertive

Answer 36

Freud and Lorenz

Answer 37

An innate drive similar to hunger, thirst and sexual desire According to Freud, aggression is unavoidable since it is innate, but it can be regulated through “discharge or fulfillment” (through socially acceptable means vs. not) Humans require a “purge” to release pent-up aggression, known as catharsis

Answer 38

Theorizes that aggression is a function of learning and not biological Acts of aggression only serve to lay the foundation for more aggression, therefore, “purging” does not reduce the incidences Bandura – aggression has a circular effect. The pattern will continue until the circle is broken by a positive or negative reinforcement (the bobob doll experiment)

Answer 39

Based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development | Bredemeier proposes that an individual’s wilingness to engage in aggression is related to their stage of moral reasoning

Answer 40

Aggression is a natural response to frustration | External triggers influence aggression and a cathartic purge must occur to reduce the frustration

Answer 41

Physical Verbal Mental Emotional

Answer 42

We must attempt to distinguish the difference between a true antisocial personality disorder and situational antisocial behaviour (temporary circumstance-based)

Answer 43

normal to neurotic, personality disorder, psychotic

Answer 44

able to maintain employment. May have difficulties such as; registry, defensiveness, under-confidence, workaholics, over-ambition or underachievement

Answer 45

able to maintain relationships. May have difficulties: conflicts with significant others or tendency to competitive

Answer 46

able to see reality clearly. May have minor defensive distortions, such as seeing the self (or significant other) as better than they really are

Answer 47

difficulty maintaining employment. May be grossly unemployed, unable to get along with colleagues and/or bosses or follow the riles. Can work if job allows total isolation or encourages grandiosity

Answer 48

unable to maintain relationships consistently | may avoid relationships, jump into them too quickly, or end them abruptly

Answer 49

generally able to see reality with clarity (i.e. no hallucinations or delusions) prone to gross miseinterpretation in interpersonal affairs

Answer 50

unable to maintain employments anywhere near intellectual level large % are chronically unemployed trouble with the law

Answer 51

tremendously difficult to maintain relationships; may be socially isolated Socially peculiar

Answer 52

unable to distinguish clearly between what is real and what is not has hallucinations or other psychotic thought process

Answer 53

Empathy varies according to the conditions we face at any given time, but for the most part, people with a “normal” personality fall in the normal range The Empathy Spectrum: ranges from six degrees at one end, down to zero at the other. Six being highly empathetic, zero being a sociopath

Answer 54

Deep in the brain lies the empathy circuit and is thought to involve at least 10 interconnected brain regions, termed the ‘social brain’. (prefrontal cortex, amygdalae – emotional learning, cues, reasoning)

Answer 55

``` SUPERFICIAL CHARM NEED FOR CONSTANT STIMULATION PARASITIC LIFESTYLE MANIPULATIVE BEHAVIOUR FAKING ILLNESS AGGRESSION/ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR LACK OF EMPTHY AND REMORSE PATHOGICAL LYING ```

Answer 56

Minimal social inhibitions Not afraid of offending people A conversation feels like a bombardment/authoritative & mix up phrases and metaphors Charming at first and will do anything to help/please to dupe you in (sociopaths are often called a social chameleon) Blunt emotional reactions and fakes emotion to seem sincere Fake smile: Often the only natural smile you’ll see is a sneer when they derive pleasure from seeing others suffer Common for one to create a sense of similarity & intimacy (ex. Only you understand me, you’re “the one”)

Answer 57

They get bored easily – why? Head void of emotional “noise” and seek out entertainment Very limited emotional range, quite shallow, has fleeting attachments Don’t empathize with “neediness” and see no point in showing emotions or sharing feelings except as an act of manipulation Will invalidate others’ experiences to cause a person to question their recollection of events Abusive mind games: discounting (denial of the person’s sense of reality), diverting, trivializing, undermining, threatening, anger, rage

Answer 58

Being involved with a sociopath can feel like life is being sucked out of you (often passive aggressive in their techniques) Types of PA: Victimization (plays the victim), Self-pity (“poor me” to get attention), Blaming Others (rather than take responsibility), Withholding (behaviours or roles to reinforce they are angry), Learned Helplessness (acting like they can’t help themselves to get another to act) Passive Aggression is a destructive pattern and a form of emotional abuse causing distress to the intended target which elicits a feeling of guilt and responsibility

Answer 59

Control their victims through: Positive reinforcement (praise, superficial charm or sympathy, excessive apologies, gifts etc.) OR Negative Reinforcement (removing a person from an undesirable situation – ex. “If you let me move in with you, you won’t have to pay as much in bills”.) They may also use: intermittent or partial reinforcement to create fear and doubt, and punishment, including nagging, intimidation, threats, swearing, emotional blackmail and crying as ways of playing the victim (which they do exceptionally well) Sociopaths are always on the lookout for individuals to manipulate and have a three-phase approach: Assessment Phase – sizing up the victim for benefit (money, empathy level), Manipulation Phase - create a false persona, lie to gain trust, Abandonment Phase – victim no longer useful and moves onto new victim

Answer 60

Often lie about being ill or in recovery (ex. Cancer) to gain pity/ attention/money; their situation is always worse than yours

Answer 61

When a sociopath is sad or angry, they can fly into terrible rage Vindictive/Cruel toward humans and animals (unless using as a prop during the manipulation phase)

Answer 62

Empathy – an ability to identify what someone is thinking/feeling and respond to them with an appropriate emotion. Scpth – only “I” exist. Don’t care for others; no responsibility for own actions (always what was done to them) Easy way to spot a SCPTH, is they attempt to establish intimacy through early sharing of deeply personal info intended to make one feel sorry for him/her Addicted to high drama – always dealing with numerous problems and crises

Answer 63

There are two types of liars: Compulsive (lie out of habit, not to hurt) and Pathological (lie to gain something – calculated) Sociopaths don’t care who their lie will affect (even their own child) as long as they lie fits their purpose and achieves their goal Keeps own friends apart since the lies often have different versions – nobody is “special” to a sociopath unless serving a purpose May lie about credentials, previous relationships, status in life Lies sociopaths create may be fantastic in nature, extensive, elaborate and complicated but all have the goal to make the sociopath look good, elicit pity or protect self

Answer 64

People who collude (whether willingly or not) with sociopaths in their manipulation are called Apaths – meaning ‘apathetic’ toward the intentionally hurtful & manipulative behaviours of the Scpth (ex. Close friends, sibling and parents) They may help due to unconditional love, poor judgment, fear or lack of insight (chooses not to see the problem) (ex. Milgram exp.) Apaths are often fearful or do not posses the ability to confront a challenge and hence, “go with the flow” or practice avoidance

Answer 65

Empaths, however, are very sensitive to the needs of others and will always help. They have trouble comprehending a lack of caring in others and often help people at the expense of their own needs

Answer 66

Sociopaths pray on both of these people and use all three to achieve their goals

Answer 67

the difference between psychopathy and sociopathy (when assessing a condition in a person) reflects the user’s views on the origins and determinants of the clinical disorder”. They both fall under Antisocial Personality Disorder. In other words, the condition is forged entirely by social forces and call the condition sociopathy, whereas others are convinced that it is derived from a combination of psychological, biological and genetic factors and hence the term psychopathy

Answer 68

Is a tactic often used by Sociopaths and is “the systematic attempt by one person to erode another’s reality Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse in which false info is presented in a way as to make the target doubt his/her own memory and perception It creates question, anxiety, confusion, lack of self-worth and trust Techniques used are similar to brainwashing, interrogation and psychological warfare Gaslighting is a deliberate ploy of the gaslighter (sociopath) and gaslightee (empath). The endgame for the scpth is when the empath thinks they are going crazy. This can happen in any relationship: Parent/Child, Friends, Siblings, Romantic Partners, Colleagues

Answer 69

Idealization, Devaluation and Discarding

Answer 70

person who has an excessive interest in or admiration of themselves

Answer 71

applying general assumptions to specific cases e.g. all turtles have shells. The animal I have captured is a turtle. I conclude that the animal in my bad has a shell. a guitar has strings and makes sounds. A violin has strings. Therefore the violin must also make sound. All human have brains. Miss Wagner us a human; therefore, she has a brain (that usually functions well ;))

Answer 72

collecting specific information to form a general assumption (generalizations and false assumptions) All sheep that I have seen are white. All sheep must be white. Most men enjoy sports. John is a man. He must enjoy sports. Most women enjoy cooking. My mom is a woman. She must enjoy cooking

Answer 73

is employed for all decision people make step-by-sept process where you break down the steps as thought you are creating your own adventure story as we speak— we conduct a search through our brain to use the right words we map things out and respond in what may seem like a natural way our brains process info so fast, that many of our actions seem thoughtless

Answer 74

encounter problem—> encode or store info—> infer possible relationships—> map info—> apply possible responses—> does answer work—> respond (yes)

Answer 75

a disturbance in thoughts and emotions that decreases a person’s capacity to cope with the challenges of everyday life

Answer 76

Functioning in a state of mental and emotional well-being

Answer 77

When someone appears to be different from us, we may view him/her in a negative stereotyped manner. Due to inaccuracies and misunderstandings, people have been led to believe that an individual with a mental illness has a weak character or is inevitably dangerous. The media, as a reflection of society, has done much to sustain a distorted view of mental illness

Answer 78

the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific investigation of basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and animals.

Answer 79

the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness and disability.

Answer 80

``` Compensation Conversation Daydreaming Direct Attack Repression Displacement Giving up Idealization Projection Denial Rationalization Regression ```

Answer 81

Using a substitute method to achieve a desired goal eg. Short-man syndrome

Answer 82

Transferring an emotion into a physical symptom or complaint

Answer 83

Accomplishing through imagination something you have not accomplished in reality

Answer 84

Overcoming obstacles or problems through realistic efforts to find solutions

Answer 85

Blocking of unacceptable impulses from consciousness

Answer 86

Transferring an emotion connected with one person or thing to another person or thing; replacing a threatening object with a less threatening one. e.g. Being angry at your boss and kicking the dog or punching a pillow

Answer 87

Allowing discouragement to get you down

Answer 88

Placing value on something or someone that is beyond its worth; worship of someone/thing

Answer 89

Placing the blame for your failures on other people or things. e.g. Picking a fight with your boyfriend/ girlfriend because you failed a math test

Answer 90

The refusal to accept reality and to act as if a painful event or thought didn't happen

Answer 91

Explaining your weaknesses or failures by giving socially acceptable excuses. e.g. I failed a test because i didn't get enough sleep last night

Answer 92

Reverting back to a less mature stage of development. e.g. Overwhelming fear might lead to bed-wetting or thumb sucking

Answer 93

Too much stress! Psychological factors (i.e. Early childhood experiences, emotional trauma) Biological factors (i.e. Brain function, chemical imbalance, cognitive maladaptation) Disease or illness Genetic predisposition (inherited or susceptibility) Environmental factors (extreme cultural change, relationship turmoil, substance abuse, trigger effect)

Answer 94

Normal -> Neurotic -> Borderline Personality Disorders -> Psychosis

Answer 95

What the majority of population is like. Often statistically defined. Does the subject fit within this realm of behaviour?

Answer 96

A maladaptive behaviour (inappropriate to a given situation) is used as protection against unconscious anxiety Sufferers experience high levels of tension or stress in managing their daily lives, but they may be able to function at work or in intimate relationships & friendships. Panic attacks, Phobias, Obsessive-compulsive disorders

Answer 97

Persistent neurotic behaviours often with a physical psychosomatic element, and some degree of hallucination; distorted perception of reality, which may be recognized by the individual as distortion. e.g. Pathological liars

Answer 98

Patient loses touch with the real world, may suffer from hallucinations or delusions and needs treatment before he/she can live a life with any degree of normality; individual believes the hallucinations / delusions. Paranoia: suffering from irrational thought of persecution or foreboding Schizophrenia Multiple Personality Disorder (Disassociative Identity Disorder)

Answer 99

``` Anxiety Disorders Personality Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders Substance Related Disorders ```

Answer 100

Generalized Anxiety disorder Phobias OCD Paranoia

Answer 101

A habitual pattern of rule-breaking and harming of others. Pathological lying Absence of empathy towards others Deliberately causing pain A lack of guilt for damage caused Often loners, highly suspicious & mistrustful of others e.g. Sociopaths

Answer 102

Major Depression: deep unhappiness causing sleep, appetite changes, suicide attempts Bipolar Affective Disorder: mood changes beyond the normal range. Manic high to deep depression (low)

Answer 103

A complex disorder that leads to feelings of distress and social isolation Distortion of reality Social withdrawal Disturbances of thought, perception, motor activity and emotions. Some become totally apathetic Catatonic schizophrenics become rigid and mute, usually characterized by bizarre hallucinations & delusions.

Answer 104

Refers to the harmful use of substances (alcohol, drugs, tobacco) leading to significant impairment or distress. Often classified as “abuse” or “dependence”

Answer 105

A feeling that is created when we react to particular events. It is the body’s way of rising to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina and heightened alertness. THESE EVENTS ARE CALLED STRESSORS The way our body and mind reacts to life changes Webster’s defines it as a physical or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and that may be a factor in causing disease

Answer 106

A stressor is anything that causes the release of stress hormones.

Answer 107

``` physical and chemical infections, toxins, illnesses, injuries emotions relationships (friends and family) Psychological mental illness, cognitive reasoning ```

Answer 108

the difference is probably due to changed in a brain region called the prefrontal cortex, the area of the great that helps regulate behaviour, including understanding future consequences of one’s actions. In teens, this area is immature, which is why teens often seem to act without full understanding the consequences (welsh, 2011)

Answer 109

sleep, excessive, deep breathing, visualization, meditation

Answer 110

many people use these terms interchangeably “anxiety is a sense of apprehension or doom that s accompanied by certain physiological reactions, such as accelerated heart rate, sweaty palms, and tightness in the stomach” panic disorder, phobic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder stress alleviated by removing the stressor anxiety continues after the stressor is removed

Answer 111

the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity

Answer 112

cognitive behavioural therapy contingency management motivational enhancement therapy family therapy

Answer 113

the body needs more and more drugs to get the high, as the body is able to adapt to the amount it used to take to get a high

Answer 114

Bloodshot eyes with dilated or pin point pupils not caused by changes in the intensity of light Wearing sunglasses indoors and after sunset Body language such as slouching, rapid up and down movement of the legs while seated Lethargic Sudden food cravings or loss of appetite and emaciation No interest in former hobbies Staring at nothing in particular Diminished libido Students missing classes, failing tests, and disruptive in class Sometimes talking incessantly Wanting to sleep as much as possible Unnatural mood swings Lack of interest in social activities Personal hygiene is no longer important—clothing and bodies go for long periods unwashed Blackened or rotting teeth Suppurating sores on faces and bodies Signs of premature aging Not interested in finding employment; becomes a beggar/hustler Becoming sloppy in appearance Laughing at things/situations that are not obviously funny

Answer 115

Cocaine is a stimulant that triggers the reward system in the brain, which is why it's so addictive. Dopamine is responsible for pleasurable feelings (like after we eat for example). Cocaine traps dopamine (and to lesser degrees serotonin [increased confidence] and norepinephrine [energy]) creating a build-up which is what maintains that pleasurable high. After time, your brain becomes so accustomed to elevated levels of dopamine that it actually manufactures additional receptors for this chemical, in effect rewiring your brain. In experiments, monkeys will press a bar up to 12,000 times before they are rewarded with cocaine and immediately begin again after the reward

Answer 116

Oxycontin is a prescription narcotic that's prescribed for long-term excessive pain management. Oxycontin is the brand-name for the opiate, Oxycodone, and it affects the brain in the same way as heroin or morphine. Oxycontin is manufactured with a built-in time release feature to deliver a sustainable amount of pain-relief over a twelve hour period. How it is abused: Oxycontin is taken orally, in excess, to achieve a high very similar to heroin. Users also crush the tablet to by-pass the time release feature and receive the full amount of opiate at once. Once crushed, some may dilute the powder to inject the opiate. Snorting is less common

Answer 117

stasy works by primarily affecting serotonin levels in the brain giving users increased energy, euphoria and lessens inhibitions. Serotonin is the messenger between cells in the brain which controls mood and emotions. Ecstasy releases all of the brain's serotonin in one glorious rush. Research on animals has shown that elevated levels of serotonin destroy those brain terminals. Debate continues on the effect of ecstasy on humans, but some researchers believe that continued use of ecstasy may be toxic to the brain

Answer 118

Alcohol not broken down by the liver goes to the rest of the body, including the brain. Alcohol can affect parts of the brain that control movement, speech, judgment, and memory. These effects lead to the familiar signs of drunkenness: difficulty walking, slurred speech, memory lapses, and impulsive behavior

Answer 119

Short-Term Effects When a person smokes marijuana, THC quickly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream. The blood carries the chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body. The body absorbs THC more slowly when the person eats or drinks it. In that case, he or she generally feels the effects after 30 minutes to 1 hour. THC acts on specific brain cell receptors that ordinarily react to natural THC-like chemicals. These natural chemicals play a role in normal brain development and function. Marijuana overactivates parts of the brain that contain the highest number of these receptors. This causes the "high" that people feel. Other effects include: altered senses (for example, seeing brighter colors) altered sense of time changes in mood impaired body movement difficulty with thinking and problem-solving impaired memory Long-Term Effects Marijuana also affects brain development. When people begin using marijuana as teenagers, the drug may reduce thinking, memory, and learning functions and affect how the brain builds connections between the areas necessary for these functions. Marijuana's effects on these abilities may last a long time or even be permanent. For example, a study from New Zealand conducted in part by researchers at Duke University showed that people who started smoking marijuana heavily in their teens and had an ongoing marijuana use disorder lost an average of 8 IQ points between ages 13 and 38. The lost mental abilities didn't fully return in those who quit marijuana as adults. Those who started smoking marijuana as adults didn't show notable IQ declines.3 However, recent results from two studies on twins didn't support a causal relationship between marijuana use and IQ loss. Those who used marijuana did show a significant decline in verbal ability (equivalent to 4 IQ points) and in general knowledge between the preteen years and early adulthood. However, no predictable difference was found between twins when one used marijuana and one didn't. This suggests that the IQ decline may be caused by shared familial factors (e.g., genetics, family environment), and not by marijuana use itself.

Answer 120

The Brain's Chemical Transmitter???

Answer 121

the limbic system