Exam B5 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Homeostasis
A
keeping internal conditions stable (temperature)
2
Q
Nervous System
A
Receptor
CNS
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
effector
3
Q
What is a Reflex arc
A
automatic and fast — skips the brain.
4
Q
Hormones
A
Hormones travel in blood to target organs.
Slower than nerves, but effects last longer.
5
Q
Nerves
A
Very fast action
Act for short time
Act on a very precise
Area
6
Q
Do reflexes go to the brain true or false
A
No false they only go through the spinal cord
Reflexes don’t go to the brain — only the spinal cord.
7
Q
where are Hormones carried through
A
Hormones are carried in the blood, not nerves.
8
Q
What is Type 1 diabetes treated by
A
Type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin injections, not tablets
9
Q
Controlling Blood Glucose Levels
Why is this important?
A
Your body needs to keep blood sugar (glucose) levels stable to give your cells energy — but too much or too little glucose is dangerous.
10
Q
Where is hormones made
A
In the pancreas
11
Q
If Blood Glucose is Too HIGH (e.g. after eating):
Steps
A
- Pancreas detects high glucose.
- Releases insulin into the blood.
- Insulin tells body cells to absorb glucose.
- Insulin also tells liver and muscles to store glucose as glycogen.
- Blood glucose goes back to normal
12
Q
Dose Insulin LOWER blood sugar or made them HIGH
A
LOWER
Insulin = lowers blood sugar
13
Q
If Blood Glucose is Too LOW (e.g. after exercise or skipping a meal): steps
A
- Pancreas detects low glucose.
- Releases glucagon.
- Glucagon tells liver to break down glycogen into glucose.
- Glucose released into blood.
- Blood glucose goes back to normal.
14
Q
Glucagon RAISES or LOWERS blood sugar
A
Glucagon = raises blood sugar
15
Q
Type 1 Diabetes facts
A
• Pancreas makes no insulin
• Treated with insulin injections
• Starts in childhood
• Blood sugar levels can get dangerously high
16
Q
Type 2
A
• Body cells stop responding to insulin
• Linked to obesity and lack of exercise
• Treated with diet, exercise, and medication
• Usually in adults
17
Q
Dose insulin lower blood sugars or raises it
A
Insulin lowers blood sugar, not raises it
18
Q
Glucagon RAISES blood sugar, OR LOWERS it
A
Glucagon raises blood sugar, not lowers it
19
Q
Glycogen storages
A
storage form of glucose in liver/muscle
20
Q
Type 1 insulin or no insulin
A
Type 1 = no insulin → injections
21
Q
Dose insulin work with type 2 diabetes
A
No
Type 2 = insulin doesn’t work → lifestyle changes
22
Q
Hormonal contraception
A
pill, implant — stops ovulation
23
Q
Non-hormonal
A
condom, diaphragm
24
Q
Puberty is when your body
A
Starts making sex hormones which trigger physical and emotional changes
25
Puberty in Girls
• Sex hormone: Oestrogen
• Produced by the ovaries
• Triggers:
• Breast development
• Growth of underarm and pubic hair
• Start of the menstrual cycle
26
Puberty in Boys
• Sex hormone: Testosterone
• Produced by the testes
• Triggers:
• Deepening of the voice
• Growth of facial and body hair
• Sperm production
27
When the menstrual roughly start
Every 28 days
28
The uterus prepares for pregnancy…..
The uterus prepares for pregnancy. If no egg is fertilised, the lining is shed (a period).
29
What hormone triggers puberty in girls?
Oestrogen
30
Where is oestrogen made?
In the ovaries
31
What does testosterone do?
Triggers sperm production and male puberty changes
32
What happens on Day 1–5 of the menstrual cycle?
he uterus lining breaks down (a period)
33
What causes an egg to mature?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
34
What hormone triggers ovulation (egg release)?
LH (luteinising hormone)
35
What hormone builds up the uterus lining?
Oestrogen
36
What hormone maintains the uterus lining?
Progesterone
37
Menstrual Cycle Stages
1–5
Menstruation: uterus lining breaks down
6–13
Lining builds up again
14
Ovulation: egg released from ovary
15–28
Lining stays thick (in case of pregnancy) = Progesterone keeps it thick
38
Hormones Involved
In the Menstrual Cycle Stages
1–5
Low oestrogen and progesterone
6–13
Oestrogen increases
14
LH peak triggers ovulation
15–28
Progesterone keeps it thick
39
Hormones That Control the Menstrual Cycle
FSH
Pituitary gland
Causes an egg to mature in the ovary
Oestrogen
Ovaries
Builds up the uterus lining, inhibits FSH
LH
Pituitary gland
Triggers ovulation (egg release)
Progesterone
Ovaries
Maintains uterus lining
40
Contraception and Hormones
Hormonal contraception (e.g. the pill) contains oestrogen and/or progesterone.
It stops ovulation or makes the uterus lining unfriendly to embryos.
41
What does insulin do?
Causes glucose to be stored as glycogen in liver and muscle.
42
What hormone is released when blood sugar is too low?
Glucagon
43
What does glucagon do?
Turns glycogen into glucose in the liver and releases it into the blood.
44
What is a reflex?
A reflex is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.
It doesn’t involve thinking, and it protects the body from harm.
45
Reflex example
• Blinking when something comes near your eyes
• Pulling your hand away from something hot
• Sneezing or coughing
46
Reflex Arc example step by step
1. Stimulus (e.g. hot surface)
2. Detected by receptor (in skin)
3. Electrical impulse sent along sensory neurone
4. Goes to the relay neurone in the spinal cord
5. Sent along motor neurone
6. To an effector (muscle or gland)
7. Response (e.g. muscle moves hand)
🧠 Important: Reflexes happen in the spinal cord, not the brain.
47
What is a synapse?
A synapse is a tiny gap between two neurones.
48
What is the endocrine system?
The endocrine system is a hormone control system made up of glands that release hormones directly into the blood.
49
The pituitary gland is called the
master gland because:
• It releases hormones that control other glands.
• E.g. FSH and LH control the ovaries in the menstrual cycle.
50
Hormones are made by
glands
51
Hormones are…
are chemical messengers (not electrical)
52
Pancreas = …..
controls blood sugar
✅ Adrenaline increases heart rate in fight or flight
53
Thyroxine controls
metabolism
54
What is the endocrine system made of?
Glands that release hormones into the blood.
55
Which gland is the “master gland”?
Pituitary gland
56
What does the pituitary gland do?
It controls other glands and releases several hormones.
57
What does the pancreas do
Releases insulin to control blood glucose levels.
58
What hormone does the adrenal gland produce?
Adrenaline
59
Label all the endocrine systems
60
Endocrine system revison guide
61
Is the cystic fibrosis allele recessive or dominant
Recessive
62
Is polydactyly recessive or dominant
Dominat
63
What is the 4 things you need to keep the same
TWIG
Temperature
Water
Ions
Glucose
64
LH (Luteinising Hormone)
• Made in: Pituitary gland
• Triggers: Ovulation (egg is released)
65
Oestrogen
• Made in: Ovaries
• Causes: Lining of uterus to build up
• Inhibits: FSH, stimulates LH
66
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
• Made in: Pituitary gland
• Causes: Egg to mature in ovary
• Stimulates: Ovaries to produce oestrogen
67
Hormonal Methods (to prevent pregnancy) list some
Combined contraceptive pill
Mini pill (progesterone only)
68
Non-Hormonal Methods list some
Condoms
Diaphragm
69
Combined contraceptive pill
How it works
Contains oestrogen and progesterone → stops FSH → prevents egg maturing
70
Mini pill (progesterone only)
How it works
Thickens cervical mucus → sperm can’t reach egg
71
How it works condoms
Physical barrier → prevents sperm entering vagina
72
Diaphragm
How it works
Fits over cervix → stops sperm reaching uterus (used with spermicide)
73
Surgical sterilisation
Is it a non hormonal method or a hormonal method
Surgical sterilisation
Is a BON HORMONAL METHODS
74
Surgical sterilisation
How it looks like
75
Surgical sterilisation
How it works
Permanent — sperm ducts cut (men) or fallopian tubes tied (women)
76
If a woman is not producing enough FSH or LH…..
naturally, so no ovulation happens.
77
Fertility treatments
Fertility drug
78
What is it Fertility drugs
Artificial FSH and LH given to stimulate ovulation
79
How dose IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) work
1. FSH and LH given → egg matures
2. Eggs collected
3. Fertilised in lab (sperm added)
4. One or two embryos inserted into uterus
80
You can get pregnant while on the progesterone-only pill if you….
You miss one
81
FSH is not directly responsible…
For ovulation (LH is)
82
IVF does not always work and is…
emotionally and physically stressful
83
IVF can lead to….
multiple births → risky for babies and mother
84
IVF gives people chance to have children
• ❌ Very expensive and might fail
• ❌ Can create unused embryos → some see this as destroying life
• ❌ May lead to ‘designer babies’ if genes are selected in future
85
Positive of ivf
It gives you a baby
Embryos can be screened for genetic disorders
This can prevent inherited diseases (e.g. cystic fibrosis) from being passed on.
Allows older parents or same-sex couples to have children
IVF is inclusive and helps people in a wide range of family situations become parents.
86
The pill how dose it work
It contains hormones which prevent the body from producing FSH
FSH (causes an egg to mature )
87
Contraceptive pill advantage and disadvantage
It’s highly effective if it’s taken correctly
Disadvantage must be taken every day
88
What is the rare risk of certain contraceptive pills
Increase risk of Brest cancer or Blood cloths
89
What dose the implant a skin patch and the injection contain Hormonal methods
Contain progesterone
90
How long does the hormonal implant last for
3 years
91
The injection last around…
13 weeks
92
The patch last around…
1 week
93
Dose the hormonal contraceptive e.g pill patch injections or pill do they help against sexually transmitted infection STIS
No they DONT non of there’s protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIS) e.g HIV
94
Non hormonal methods diagram and condom what do they prevent to do
Theses prevent the sperm from reaching the egg
95
Does condoms and diaphragm uses hormones
No they don’t use hormones
96
Because non hormonal methods don’t use hormones they don’t have any…
Side effects
97
Can condoms reduce the risk of STIs
Yes they can
98
Disadvantage of condoms
They can break and slip
99
How long can IUD last for
10 years very efficient
100
What is the Natural form of contraception
Subsisting for sexually intercose Time after ovulation
Disadvantage
Very hard to tell if a woman has ovulated
101
what is vasectomy
a permanent male sterilization procedure that prevents sperm from reaching the egg.
102
Reflect card path way
Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neurone → Spinal cord (relay neurone) → Motor neurone → Effector
103
The relay neurone is in the…
spinal cord, not the brain (for reflexes).
104
You can’t control reflexes – they..
Happen naturally
105
What does a receptor do?
Detects stimuli
106
Neves respons
Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neurone → CNS → Motor Neurone → Effector → Response
107
Reflexes are processed in the…
spinal cord, not the brain.
108
What carries a signal from receptor to CNS?
Sensory neurone
109
What hormone causes the egg to mature?
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
110
What hormone triggers ovulation?
LH (Luteinising Hormone)
111
What hormone maintains the uterus lining?
Progesterone
112
Non-Hormonal Methods care like
CONDOMS DIAPHRAGM
113
Hormonal Methods are like
Combined contraceptive pill
Contraceptive injection/patch/implant
Mini pill (progesterone only)
