exam ch 5-8 Flashcards by Marsha G

Which characteristic of the plasma membrane contributes to its permeability?

A) Hydrophobic core
B) Presence of proteins
C) Phospholipid bilayer
D) All of the above

C) Phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a chemical gradient?

A) Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
B) A difference in concentration of a substance across a space
C) The equal distribution of molecules in a solution
D) The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

B) A difference in concentration of a substance across a space.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following describes simple diffusion?

A) Requires a channel protein
B) Movement of molecules through a membrane without assistance
C) Active transport mechanism
D) Involves energy expenditure

B) Movement of molecules through a membrane without assistance.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of molecules generally pass through the plasma membrane via simple diffusion?

A) Polar molecules
B) Nonpolar molecules
C) Charged ions
D) Large proteins

B) Nonpolar molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which molecule would most likely use facilitated diffusion to cross the plasma membrane?

A) Oxygen
B) Glucose
C) Water
D) Alcohol

B) Glucose
Glucose is a polar molecule and typically requires facilitated diffusion through specific carrier proteins or channels to cross the membrane.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define passive transport.

A) Movement that requires energy
B) Movement along a concentration gradient
C) Active transport mechanism
D) None of the above

B) Movement along a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the main difference between leak channels and gated channels?

A) Gated channels are always open, while leak channels are not.
B) Leak channels allow continuous flow, while gated channels open in response to stimuli.
C) Both are the same.
D) Gated channels are found only in muscle cells.

B) Leak channels allow continuous flow, while gated channels open in response to stimuli.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does water primarily move through a cell membrane?

A) Simple diffusion
B) Through aquaporins
C) Both A and B
D) Active transport

C) Both A and B
Water moves through the cell membrane via simple diffusion and through specialized channels called aquaporins, which facilitate water transport.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the typical intracellular Na+ concentration compared to extracellular concentration?

A) Higher intracellularly
B) Higher extracellularly
C) Equal
D) Depends on the cell type

B) Higher extracellularly
Typically, sodium ion (Na+) concentration is higher outside the cell than inside, contributing to the electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is primary active transport?

A) Transport that does not require ATP
B) Transport against the concentration gradient using ATP directly
C) Transport that utilizes a concentration gradient established by another process
D) None of the above

B) Transport against the concentration gradient using ATP directly.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many sodium ions are pumped out of the cell by the Na+/K+ pump?

A) 1 Na+
B) 2 Na+
C) 3 Na+
D) 4 Na+

C) 3 Na+

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many potassium ions are pumped into the cell by the Na+/K+ pump?

A) 1 K+
B) 2 K+
C) 3 K+
D) 4 K+

B) 2 K+

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an ATPase?

A) A type of enzyme that breaks down glucose
B) An enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP
C) A type of ion channel
D) None of the above

B) An enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is osmosis?

A) The movement of solute across a membrane
B) The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
C) The process of active transport
D) None of the above

B) The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which solution is isotonic to cells?

A) Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell
B) Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell
C) Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell
D) None of the above

C) Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following describes a leak channel?

A) Opens in response to a specific stimulus
B) Always allows ions to pass through
C) Transports molecules against their concentration gradient
D) None of the above

B) Always allows ions to pass through

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the main role of the calcium pump?

A) Pump calcium into the cytosol
B) Maintain low intracellular calcium levels
C) Transport calcium into the extracellular space
D) Facilitate calcium-mediated signal transduction

B) Maintain low intracellular calcium levels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of transport does the H+ pump represent?

A) Symport
B) Antiport
C) Passive transport
D) None of the above

D) None of the above (H+ pumps use primary active transport, not symport or antiport)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary function of GLUT channels?

A) Transport glucose into cells
B) Transport amino acids into cells
C) Transport potassium out of cells
D) None of the above

A) Transport glucose into cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What defines a hypertonic solution?

A) Lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell
B) Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell
C) Higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell
D) None of the above

C) Higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an example of a molecule that uses simple diffusion?

A) Glucose
B) Oxygen
C) Na+
D) Amino acids

B) Oxygen (small, nonpolar molecules like O2 pass through the membrane by simple diffusion)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following molecules can use a carrier protein for transport?

A) Small nonpolar molecules
B) Large polar molecules
C) Lipid-soluble vitamins
D) Gases like O2 and CO2

B) Large polar molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which ions typically have higher concentrations extracellularly?

A) K+
B) Na+
C) Ca2+
D) Cl-

B) Na+
C) Ca2+

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which transport mechanism requires ATP?

A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Simple diffusion
C) Primary active transport
D) Osmosis

C) Primary active transport

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What drives the movement of water in osmosis? A) Chemical energy B) Concentration gradient of solutes C) Electrical gradient D) None of the above

B) Concentration gradient of solutes

Which channel allows for the passive transport of water? A) Aquaporins B) Gated channels C) Leak channels D) Carrier proteins

A) Aquaporins

Which type of transport does not involve protein channels? A) Simple diffusion B) Facilitated diffusion C) Active transport D) Both A and C

A) Simple diffusion

What will happen to a cell in a hypertonic solution? A) It will swell B) It will shrink C) It will remain the same D) It will burst

B) It will shrink

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane? A) Increase fluidity B) Decrease fluidity C) Provide structural support D) All of the above

D) All of the above (cholesterol helps regulate membrane fluidity and provides structural support)

Which ion is primarily pumped out of the cell by the Na+/K+ pump? A) K+ B) Cl- C) Na+ D) Ca2+

C) Na+

What is secondary active transport? A) Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient B) Utilization of ATP to move ions C) Movement of one molecule down its gradient to transport another against its gradient D) None of the above

C) Movement of one molecule down its gradient to transport another against its gradient

What is the primary mechanism for the transport of glucose into most cells? A) Simple diffusion B) Facilitated diffusion through GLUT transporters C) Active transport D) Osmosis

B) Facilitated diffusion through GLUT transporters

What occurs during endocytosis? A) Molecules are expelled from the cell B) Molecules are engulfed by the cell membrane C) Proteins are synthesized D) None of the above

B) Molecules are engulfed by the cell membrane

Which of the following describes a gated ion channel? A) Always open B) Opens in response to a specific signal C) Can only transport one ion type D) Requires ATP

B) Opens in response to a specific signal

Which hormone can influence membrane permeability? A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Cortisol D) All of the above

A) Insulin

What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump? A) To generate ATP B) To maintain the resting membrane potential C) To facilitate cellular respiration D) None of the above

B) To maintain the resting membrane potential

What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution? A) They shrivel B) They swell and may burst C) They remain unchanged D) None of the above

B) They swell and may burst

How do lipid-soluble substances typically enter cells? A) Through active transport B) Through facilitated diffusion C) Directly through the lipid bilayer D) By endocytosis

C) Directly through the lipid bilayer

Molecules passing through without assistance?

B) Steroid hormones (they are lipid-soluble)

Which of the following molecules can pass through the cell membrane without assistance? A) Glucose B) Steroid hormones C) Sodium ions D) Amino acids

B) Steroid hormones (they are lipid-soluble)

Which of the following is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion? A) Requires energy B) Moves molecules against their concentration gradient C) Involves specific carrier proteins D) None of the above

C) Involves specific carrier proteins

What type of transport uses a concentration gradient established by another active transport? A) Simple diffusion B) Primary active transport C) Secondary active transport D) Osmosis

C) Secondary active transport

Which of the following best describes osmosis? A) Diffusion of solutes B) Movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration C) Movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration D) None of the above

B) Movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

What is the role of aquaporins in cell membranes? A) Facilitate glucose transport B) Aid in the transport of ions C) Allow water to pass through D) None of the above

C) Allow water to pass through

Which type of transport is least likely to require protein assistance? A) Facilitated diffusion B) Active transport C) Simple diffusion D) Osmosis

C) Simple diffusion

What type of molecule is most likely to pass through a cell membrane via facilitated diffusion? A) Small, nonpolar molecules B) Large, polar molecules C) Ions D) All of the above

B) Large, polar molecules

How is the concentration of potassium ions typically distributed in a resting cell? A) Higher outside the cell B) Higher inside the cell C) Equal inside and outside D) None of the above

B) Higher inside the cell.

What characterizes a hypotonic solution? A) Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell B) Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell C) Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell D) None of the above

B) Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell

What would happen to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution? A) It would swell B) It would lose water and shrink C) It would remain unchanged D) None of the above

B) It would lose water and shrink

Which type of channel protein is always open? A) Gated channel B) Leak channel C) Carrier protein D) None of the above

B) Leak channel

What is the primary energy source for active transport? A) Potential energy B) ATP C) Glucose D) Concentration gradients

B) ATP

Which of the following describes the primary action of the Na+/K+ pump? A) Pumps Na+ into the cell B) Pumps K+ out of the cell C) Pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell D) None of the above

C) Pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell

What happens to cells in an isotonic solution? A) They swell B) They shrink C) They remain the same D) They burst

C) They remain the same

What defines the electrochemical gradient? A) The combined concentration and electrical gradients for ions B) Only the concentration gradient of an ion C) The osmotic pressure of a solution D) None of the above

A) The combined concentration and electrical gradients for ions

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport? A) Na+/K+ pump B) H+/K+ pump C) Glucose-Na+ symporter D) Simple diffusion

C) Glucose-Na+ symporter

Which substance uses carrier proteins for transport across the plasma membrane? A) O2 B) CO2 C) Glucose D) Alcohol

C) Glucose

What is the osmolarity of typical extracellular fluid? A) 100 mOsm/L B) 300 mOsm/L C) 400 mOsm/L D) 500 mOsm/L

B) 300 mOsm/L

What happens during transcytosis? A) Substances are secreted by the cell B) Substances are transported across the cell C) Substances are broken down by lysosomes D) None of the above

B) Substances are transported across the cell

What is the main role of membrane proteins in transport? A) Provide structural support B) Facilitate movement of substances across the membrane C) Store energy D) All of the above

B) Facilitate movement of substances across the membrane

Which hormone can affect the permeability of cell membranes? A) Insulin B) Cortisol C) Aldosterone D) All of the above

D) All of the above (Insulin, Cortisol, Aldosterone)

What defines direct communication between cells? A) Cells release hormones into the bloodstream B) Cells communicate via gap junctions C) Cells communicate through neurotransmitters D) Cells release signaling molecules that affect nearby cells

B) Cells communicate via gap junctions

What is the role of G-proteins in signal transduction? A) They act as enzymes to convert ATP to cAMP B) They relay signals from activated receptors to target proteins C) They directly activate gene transcription D) None of the above

B) They relay signals from activated receptors to target proteins

What is a first messenger? A) A protein that amplifies a signal B) The molecule that binds to a receptor on a target cell C) The molecule that activates a G-protein D) None of the above

B) The molecule that binds to a receptor on a target cell

Which of the following describes the role of second messengers? A) They activate receptors B) They amplify the signal within the cell C) They transport molecules across the membrane D) None of the above

B) They amplify the signal within the cell

What is the function of cAMP as a second messenger? A) Decreases cellular activity B) Activates protein kinases C) Inhibits G-proteins D) None of the above

B) Activates protein kinases

What happens to cAMP levels when phosphodiesterase is active? A) cAMP levels increase B) cAMP levels decrease C) cAMP levels remain unchanged D) None of the above

B) cAMP levels decrease

Which of the following is a catecholamine? A) Serotonin B) Epinephrine C) Acetylcholine D) Cortisol

B) Epinephrine

What is the typical effect of catecholamines on target cells? A) They always decrease cell activity B) They have varying effects depending on the type of receptor C) They inhibit all metabolic processes D) None of the above

B) They have varying effects depending on the type of receptor

What triggers an influx of intracellular calcium? A) Activation of G-proteins B) Receptor activation leading to IP3 production C) cAMP signaling D) None of the above

B) Receptor activation leading to IP3 production

What distinguishes plasma membrane receptors from intracellular receptors? A) Plasma membrane receptors are for lipid-soluble hormones B) Intracellular receptors bind to hydrophilic hormones C) Plasma membrane receptors bind to water-soluble hormones D) None of the above

C) Plasma membrane receptors bind to water-soluble hormones

What is the primary role of autocrine signaling? A) Communication between distant cells B) Cell signaling that affects the secreting cell itself C) Signaling through neurotransmitters D) None of the above

B) Cell signaling that affects the secreting cell itself

How does calcium act as a second messenger? A) It activates ATP B) It causes muscle contraction C) It can activate protein kinases D) All of the above

C) It can activate protein kinases

What is the result of upregulation of hormone receptors? A) Decreased sensitivity to the hormone B) Increased sensitivity to the hormone C) No change in sensitivity D) None of the above

B) Increased sensitivity to the hormone

What distinguishes paracrine communication from endocrine communication? A) Paracrine communication affects distant cells B) Endocrine communication uses hormones released into the bloodstream C) Paracrine communication requires gap junctions D) None of the above

B) Endocrine communication uses hormones released into the bloodstream

Which type of receptor is responsible for the action of steroid hormones? A) Plasma membrane receptors B) Intracellular receptors C) Both types of receptors D) None of the above

B) Intracellular receptors

What initiates the signaling cascade in G-protein coupled receptors? A) Binding of a ligand to the receptor B) Activation of cAMP

A) Binding of a ligand to the receptor

What effect does downregulation of hormone receptors have? A) Increased sensitivity to the hormone B) Decreased sensitivity to the hormone C) No effect on sensitivity D) It increases hormone production

B) Decreased sensitivity to the hormone

What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in cell communication? A) They act as hormones B) They transmit signals between neurons C) They regulate metabolic pathways D) They facilitate immune responses

B) They transmit signals between neurons

Which of the following is an example of an endocrine signal? A) Insulin released from the pancreas B) Histamine released during an allergic reaction C) Neurotransmitters released at a synapse D) None of the above

A) Insulin released from the pancreas

Which type of cell signaling involves molecules that act locally on nearby cells? A) Autocrine B) Paracrine C) Endocrine D) Neurocrine

B) Paracrine

Which type of signal is typically faster: endocrine or neuronal? A) Endocrine B) Neuronal C) Both are equally fast D) Neither is fast

B) Neuronal

What is the role of phospholipase C in cell signaling? A) It synthesizes ATP B) It converts phosphatidylinositol into inositol triphosphate (IP3) C) It activates cAMP D) None of the above

B) It converts phosphatidylinositol into inositol triphosphate (IP3)

What is the primary role of IP3 in signaling? A) Increase cAMP levels B) Mobilize intracellular calcium C) Activate protein kinases D) None of the above

B) Mobilize intracellular calcium

Which type of receptor undergoes a conformational change upon ligand binding? A) G-protein coupled receptors B) Intracellular receptors C) Ion-channel linked receptors D) All of the above

D) All of the above (G-protein coupled receptors, Intracellular receptors, Ion-channel linked receptors)

What type of receptor does adrenaline bind to? A) Intracellular receptors B) G-protein coupled receptors C) Ion channels D) None of the above

B) G-protein coupled receptors

What characterizes the signal transduction pathway? A) Amplification of the signal B) Specificity of the response C) Termination of the signal D) All of the above

D) All of the above (Amplification of the signal, Specificity of the response, Termination of the signal)

What type of enzyme is adenylyl cyclase? A) Converts ATP to cAMP B) Breaks down cAMP C) Synthesizes phosphatidylinositol D) None of the above

A) Converts ATP to cAMP

How do steroid hormones primarily exert their effects? A) By binding to extracellular receptors B) By altering gene expression C) By activating ion channels D) None of the above

B) By altering gene expression

What type of receptors are found in the cytoplasm or nucleus? A) Ion-channel linked receptors B) G-protein coupled receptors C) Intracellular receptors D) None of the above

C) Intracellular receptors

What is the primary mechanism of action for nitric oxide as a signaling molecule? A) It activates membrane-bound receptors B) It diffuses into cells and activates guanylyl cyclase C) It increases cAMP levels D) None of the above

B) It diffuses into cells and activates guanylyl cyclase

What initiates the intracellular response in target cells after hormone binding? A) Direct entry of the hormone into the nucleus B) Activation of second messengers C) Direct interaction with DNA D) None of the above

B) Activation of second messengers

What is the consequence of receptor desensitization? A) Enhanced signaling response B) Decreased receptor activity C) Increased receptor expression D) None of the above

B) Decreased receptor activity

Which of the following is a common second messenger? A) cAMP B) IP3 C) Calcium ions D) All of the above

D) All of the above (cAMP, IP3, Calcium ions)

How does the body ensure specificity in signal transduction? A) By using the same receptors for different signals B) Through receptor types and downstream signaling pathways C) By amplifying all signals equally D) None of the above

B) Through receptor types and downstream signaling pathways

What happens when a ligand binds to a receptor? A) The receptor undergoes a conformational change B) The ligand is broken down C) The receptor is internalized D) None of the above

A) The receptor undergoes a conformational change

What is the primary target of glucagon in the body? A) Muscle cells B) Liver cells C) Adipose tissue D) Pancreatic beta cells

B) Liver cells

What is the typical duration of action for hormones compared to neurotransmitters? A) Hormones act longer B) Hormones act shorter C) Both act for the same duration D) Depends on the hormone

A) Hormones act longer

What type of signaling involves neurotransmitters? A) Autocrine B) Endocrine C) Paracrine D) All of the above

C) Paracrine

What is the primary effect of signaling via the insulin receptor? A) Increase in blood glucose levels B) Decrease in blood glucose levels C) Activation of glycolysis D) Both B and C

D) Both B and C (Decrease in blood glucose levels, Activation of glycolysis)

What is the role of the SH2 domain in signaling? A) To bind to cAMP - B) To facilitate protein-protein interactions - C) To activate phospholipase C - D) None of the above

B) To facilitate protein-protein interactions

What are the three main stages of cellular respiration? - A) Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain - B) Glycolysis, fermentation, oxidative phosphorylation - C) Anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration, fermentation - D) None of the above

A) Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration? - A) To produce glucose - B) To convert food into ATP - C) To generate oxygen - D) None of the above

B) To convert food into ATP

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell? - A) Mitochondria - B) Cytoplasm - C) Nucleus - D) Endoplasmic reticulum

B) Cytoplasm

Which molecule enters the Krebs cycle? - A) Glucose - B) Acetyl-CoA - C) Lactic acid - D) Pyruvate

B) Acetyl-CoA

What is the net gain of ATP from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis? - A) 2 ATP - B) 4 ATP - C) 36 ATP - D) 38 ATP

A) 2 ATP

Where does the Krebs cycle take place? - A) Cytoplasm - B) Mitochondrial matrix - C) Inner mitochondrial membrane - D) Nucleus

B) Mitochondrial matrix

What is produced as a byproduct of glycolysis? - A) Oxygen - B) Carbon dioxide - C) Pyruvate - D) Lactic acid

C) Pyruvate

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain? - A) To produce ATP directly - B) To oxidize NADH and FADH2 - C) To generate glucose - D) None of the above

B) To oxidize NADH and FADH2

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? - A) Oxygen - B) Carbon dioxide - C) Water - D) NAD+

A) Oxygen

How many ATP molecules are produced by one molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration? - A) 2 ATP - B) 36 ATP - C) 38 ATP - D) 30 ATP

C) 38 ATP

What happens during anaerobic respiration? - A) Glucose is fully oxidized - B) ATP is produced without oxygen - C) Krebs cycle occurs without oxygen - D) None of the above

B) ATP is produced without oxygen

Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast? - A) Lactic acid fermentation - B) Alcoholic fermentation - C) Both A and B - D) None of the above

B) Alcoholic fermentation

What is the primary purpose of fermentation? - A) To produce oxygen - B) To regenerate NAD+ - C) To generate ATP - D) All of the above

B) To regenerate NAD+

What are the end products of alcoholic fermentation? A) Lactic acid B) Ethanol and carbon dioxide C) Glucose and oxygen D) Acetyl-CoA and NADH

B) Ethanol and carbon dioxide

Which of the following describes oxidative phosphorylation? A) The synthesis of ATP using energy from the electron transport chain B) The conversion of glucose to pyruvate C) The direct production of ATP during glycolysis D) None of the above

A) The synthesis of ATP using energy from the electron transport chain

In the absence of oxygen, what process allows cells to continue generating ATP? A) Krebs cycle B) Electron transport chain C) Fermentation D) Glycolysis

C) Fermentation

What role do NADH and FADH2 play in cellular respiration? A) They provide energy directly for ATP synthesis B) They are electron carriers that donate electrons to the electron transport chain C) They are produced only during glycolysis D) None of the above

B) They are electron carriers that donate electrons to the electron transport chain

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? A) Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration B) Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria, while anaerobic occurs in the cytoplasm C) Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, while aerobic respiration does D) All of the above

D) All of the above (Aerobic respiration produces more ATP, Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria, Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen)

What is generated during the transition reaction before the Krebs cycle? A) Pyruvate B) Acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide C) Lactic acid D) NADH

B) Acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide

Which substrate can enter the Krebs cycle? A) Glucose B) Pyruvate C) Fatty acids D) All of the above

D) All of the above (Glucose, Pyruvate, Fatty acids)

What is the energy currency of the cell? A) NADH B) FADH2 C) ATP D) Glucose

C) ATP

Which type of cellular respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen? A) Aerobic respiration B) Fermentation C) Both A and B D) None of the above

B) Fermentation

What is the function of oxygen in aerobic respiration? A) It is the substrate for glycolysis B) It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain C) It is converted into glucose D) None of the above

B) It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Which process occurs in the mitochondria? A) Glycolysis B) Krebs cycle C) Fermentation D) None of the above

B) Krebs cycle

How does the body utilize fatty acids during metabolism? A) They can enter the Krebs cycle after being converted to Acetyl-CoA B) They are converted into glucose directly C) They cannot be used for energy D) All fatty acids are converted to lactic acid

A) They can enter the Krebs cycle after being converted to Acetyl-CoA

What is the main difference in the products of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation? A) Lactic acid fermentation produces ethanol, while alcoholic fermentation does not B) Alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide and ethanol, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid C) Both processes produce the same end products D) Lactic acid fermentation is more efficient than alcoholic fermentation

B) Alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide and ethanol, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid

What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration? A) To oxidize glucose B) To create a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP C) To produce lactic acid D) None of the above

B) To create a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP

What determines the fate of pyruvate in cellular metabolism? A) Availability of glucose B) Presence of oxygen C) Type of cell D) All of the above

B) Presence of oxygen

What are the two main types of fermentation? A) Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation B) Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation C) Lactic acid and oxidative phosphorylation D) Glycolytic and Krebs fermentation

A) Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation

What type of reaction converts glucose into energy in the presence of oxygen? A) Anaerobic respiration B) Aerobic respiration C) Fermentation D) Glycolysis

B) Aerobic respiration

Aquaporins are: water inclusions within a cell water channels in a membrane water of blood plasma water vesicles taken in by pinocytosis

water channels in a membrane

Which of the following fluid concentrations represents a hypertonic solution if the intracellular osmolarity is 300mOsm: 300mOsm 500mOsm 0mOsm 200mOsm

500mOsm

Oxygen can pass through a membrane using ____which requires ______ from the cell.

Simple diffusion, no energy

The concentration of Na+ ions is highest in the __________ fluid. intracellular extracellular

extracellular

Which of the following GLUT receptors transport glucose without insulin stimulation: GLUT 4 GLUT 2 GLUT 3 GLUT 5

GLUT 3

What is the hormone's tissue of origin: aldosterone

adrenal cortex

Which of the following is considered a common second messenger: calcium glucose thyroid hormone sodium

calcium

What is the hormone's tissue of origin: calcitonin

thyroid gland

What is the hormone's tissue of origin: catecholamines

adrenal medulla

What is the hormone's tissue of origin: antidiuretic hormone

posterior pituitary

What is the hormone's target tissue? calcitonin

Bone

What is the hormone's target tissue? glucagon

Liver

What is the hormone's target tissue? prolactin

Mammary Glands

Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels. (Choose all that apply) cortisol somatostatin glucagon growth hormone insulin parathyroid hormone

Cortisol, Glucagon, Growth Hormone

What is the hormone's target tissue? aldosterone

Kidney

Iodine is required to form ____________ hormone. leptin thyroid cortisol growth hormone

thyroid

If blood cortisol levels are high, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) will be ___________. low high

Low

If a patient is experiencing anemia, __________ will most likely be elevated in the blood. epinephrine aldosterone calcitonin erythropoietin

erythropoietin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone are _____for blood pressure maintenance. Growth hormone and thyroid hormone are______for growth and metabolism regulation.

Synergists, permissive

The stimulus for parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is: low blood sugar low blood calcium high blood sugar high blood calcium

low blood calcium

Vasopressin is stimulated by which of the following: low blood volume/pressure high blood glucose low blood calcium mental stress

low blood volume/pressure

exam ch 5-8 Flashcards

(151 cards)