exam I

Question 1

6 most abundant elements in life

Answer 1

CHONPS

Question 2

atom

Answer 2

units of elements

Question 3

avogadro’s number

Answer 3

6.022 x 10^23 (mol of something)

Question 4

which subatomic particle’s mass is ~0 amu?

Answer 4

electron

Question 5

radioisotope

Answer 5

unstable, will break down

Question 6

molecule

Answer 6

group of atoms that are sharing electrons

Question 7

covalent bond

Answer 7

attraction between 2 atoms that are sharing electrons

Question 8

noble gases

Answer 8

satisfy octet rule w/o forming bonds

Question 9

+ ( more electrons) =

Answer 9

cation

Question 10

least to most strong bonds

Answer 10

hydrogen, ionic, covalent

Question 11

covalent nonpolar bond

Answer 11

equal sharing of electrons

Question 12

covalent polar bond

Answer 12

unequal sharing of electrons

Question 13

oxygen is…

Answer 13

electronegative, electron greedy, polar

Question 14

cohesion

Answer 14

water’s “self-stickiness”, hydrogen bonds holding molecule together

Question 15

adhesion

Answer 15

water’s “stickiness” to other stuff

Question 16

evaporative cooling

Answer 16

hydrogen bonds break, energy removed, remaining water becomes cooler

Question 17

can water ionize?

Answer 17

yes!

Question 18

hydrocarbons

Answer 18

lipids (fats), nonpolar, hydrophobic

Question 19

hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl are…

Answer 19

polar: hydrophilic

Question 20

carboxyl is…

Answer 20

acidic and ionic

Question 21

amino group is…

Answer 21

basic, ionic, proton acceptor

Question 22

increasing free protons…

Answer 22

decreases pH

Question 23

sulfhydrl is…

Answer 23

polar S-H, hydrophilic

Question 24

phosphate is…

Answer 24

important in nucleic acids, “glue” in DNA strands, polar, ionic (usually)

Question 25

methyl is...

Answer 25

nonpolar (hydrocarbon)

Question 26

polymerization (carbohydrates)

Answer 26

monosaccharide --> polysaccharide

Question 27

saturated fats

Answer 27

solid at room temp, from animals, full of hydrogen, straight

Question 28

unsaturated fats

Answer 28

liquid at room temp, from plants, not holding all H it can, bent

Question 29

phospholipids...

Answer 29

make cell membranes, ampipathic (both hydrophobic/philic)

Question 30

steroids are...

Answer 30

cyclic lipids

Question 31

polypeptides/proteins

Answer 31

polymers of amino acids, amino acid – carboxyl + amino group, connected by peptide bonds

Question 32

1st degree protein structure

Answer 32

primary - sequence of amino acids

Question 33

2nd degree protein structure

Answer 33

secondary - local shape

Question 34

3rd degree protein structure

Answer 34

tertiary - overall shape

Question 35

4th degree protein structure

Answer 35

quaternary - interaction between separate proteins

Question 36

nucleic acids are...

Answer 36

polymerized nucleotides

Question 37

usual strands of DNA vs RNA

Answer 37

DNA - double, RNA - single

Question 38

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Answer 38

prokaryotes don't have a nucleus, eukaryotes are larger and have DNA in linear form stored in nucleus

Question 39

things increasing [ H+ ]

Answer 39

acids (proton donors)

Question 40

how many known elements?

Answer 40

92

Question 41

the farther away from the nucleus an electron is, the ___ energy it has

Answer 41

more

Question 42

inert (full valence shells)

Answer 42

rarely participate in chemical reactions

Question 43

more electron than proton =

Answer 43

partial negative charge

Question 44

hydroxyl

Answer 44

R - O - H (adds water solubility)

Question 45

carbonyl

Answer 45

R - C (^=O) - R (adds solubility in water)

Question 46

carboxyl

Answer 46

R - C (^=O) - OH (adds free proton)

Question 47

amino

Answer 47

R - N (^H) - H (accepts a proton)

Question 48

phosphate

Answer 48

R - O - (v-OH) P (^=O) - OH

Question 49

methyl

Answer 49

R - (v-H) C (^-H) - H (adds hydrophobicity, opposite of solubility)

Question 50

sulfhydryl

Answer 50

R - S - H

Question 51

lipids are...

Answer 51

hydrophobic, mostly hydrocarbons

Question 52

fats =

Answer 52

fatty acid + glycerol (+H2O, dehydration reaction)

Question 53

glycerol

Answer 53

(v-O) C (^-H) - H

Question 54

enzymes

Answer 54

manage chemical reactions

Question 55

proteins include

Answer 55

enzymes, transport, structure, motion, polymers of amino acids

Question 56

having O vs not (in phospholipids?)

Answer 56

has O - polar, hydrophilic ; no O - nonpolar, hydrophobic