final!!

Question 1

which atom is more electronegative in H2O?

Answer 1

oxygen

Question 2

polar

Answer 2

unequal sharing of electrons

Question 3

covalent

Answer 3

strongest bond - pair of electrons shared between two atoms

Question 4

hydrogen bond

Answer 4

weakest bond, partial charges

Question 5

nonpolar

Answer 5

electrons evenly distributed

Question 6

amount of electron slots in first 3 orbitals

Answer 6

2, 6, 10

Question 7

saturated fats

Answer 7

solid at room temp, holding all H’s

Question 8

unsaturated fats

Answer 8

liquid at room temp

Question 9

what carbohydrate is found in the cell wall of plants?

Answer 9

cellulose

Question 10

what carbohydrate is used to store energy in the liver?

Answer 10

glycogen

Question 11

which feature is unique to bacterial cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

Answer 11

nucleoid region

Question 12

what cellular structure synthesizes proteins based on the information in an mRNA molecule

Answer 12

ribosome

Question 13

first step of sequencing DNA into a protein

Answer 13

mRNA is copied from a gene

Question 14

carrier proteins

Answer 14

facilitate passage of molecules through the membrane

Question 15

enzymatic proteins

Answer 15

catalyze a specific reaction

Question 16

cell recognition proteins

Answer 16

recognize pathogens

Question 17

active transport

Answer 17

requires input of ATP, movement of a substance against its concentration

Question 18

channel protein assisting the passage of water across the cell membrane

Answer 18

aquaporin

Question 19

in a phospholipid bilayer, the phosphate heads are oriented…

Answer 19

toward the exterior of the cell / toward the cytoplasm

Question 20

process where cholesterol is transported into cell by binding of LDL to its receptor and the internalization of the receptor-LDL complex

Answer 20

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 21

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 21

energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another

Question 22

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 22

some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs

Question 23

endergonic reactions

Answer 23

need input of energy + store it

Question 24

ATP subunits

Answer 24

ADP and phosphate

Question 25

photosynthesis end products

Answer 25

oxygen and carbohydrate

Question 26

photorespiration occurs mainly in

Answer 26

C3 plants

Question 27

stroma

Answer 27

the fluid-filled space of the chloroplast

Question 28

calvin cycle carbon dioxide fixation is facilitated by which enzyme?

Answer 28

RuBP carboxylase

Question 29

function of sunlight in photosynthesis

Answer 29

excite electrons in chlorophyll

Question 30

ultimate destination for energized electrons during the light reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 30

taken up by NADP+ to produce NADPH

Question 31

glycolysis location

Answer 31

cytosol

Question 32

prep reaction location

Answer 32

entering mitochrondrion

Question 33

citric acid cycle location

Answer 33

inside mitochondrion (matrix)

Question 34

oxidative phosphorylation location

Answer 34

inside mitochondrion (inner membrane)

Question 35

preparatory reaction converts

Answer 35

pyruvates into acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide

Question 36

process producing both NADH and FADH2

Answer 36

the citric acid cycle

Question 37

process reduces molecular oxygen to water

Answer 37

electron transport system

Question 38

electron transport chain + chemiosmosis produce _____ ATP per NADH and _____ ATP per FADH2

Answer 38

3; 2

Question 39

one turn of the citric acid cycle produces

Answer 39

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP

Question 40

catalyzes ADP + P --> ATP as H+ flow down a gradient from the intermembrane space into the matrix

Answer 40

ATP synthase

Question 41

codes for the proteins that will promote the normal cell cycle and prevent apoptosis

Answer 41

proto-oncogenes

Question 42

cell cycle stages sequence

Answer 42

G1, S, G2, M

Question 43

chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles

Answer 43

anaphase

Question 44

which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?

Answer 44

prophase I of meiosis I

Question 45

a structure that holds together homologues during crossing-over

Answer 45

chiasma

Question 46

which stage of meiosis do the homologous chromosomes separate?

Answer 46

anaphase I

Question 47

strains injected when mouse died

Answer 47

live R and dead S

Question 48

unwinds DNA and separates parental strands

Answer 48

DNA helicase

Question 49

attach to newly separated DNA and prevent it from re-forming the helix so replication can occur

Answer 49

single-stranded binding proteins

Question 50

places short pieces of RNA on the DNA strands to be replicated

Answer 50

DNA primase

Question 51

synthesizes and proofreads DNA strand

Answer 51

DNA polymerase

Question 52

binds Okazaki fragments together

Answer 52

DNA ligase

Question 53

transcription begins when

Answer 53

RNA polymerase binds to a region of DNA called the promoter

Question 54

cohesion

Answer 54

water's "self-stickiness"

Question 55

Facilitated diffusion requires

Answer 55

carrier proteins

Question 56

Facilitated diffusion is used to transport

Answer 56

sugars and amino acids

Question 57

source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump

Answer 57

breakdown of ATP

Question 58

exocytosis

Answer 58

cells release substances from the cell via vesicles

Question 59

Hydrogen ions are released during respiration when

Answer 59

glucose is oxidized

Question 60

Where does the potential energy gradient at the mitochondrial membrane come from?

Answer 60

An excess of hydrogen ions outside the membrane

Question 61

a collection of pigments that trap solar energy and focus it on reaction centers, releasing high-energy electrons

Answer 61

photosystem

Question 62

photosystem I vs photosystem II

Answer 62

Photosystem I uses high-energy electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH, photosystem II uses them to convert ADP into ATP

Question 63

The last stage of the Calvin cycle acts to recycle _____, sending it back to aid in _____ again

Answer 63

RuBP; carbon fixation

Question 64

glycolysis net gain

Answer 64

2 ATP

Question 65

G1 phase

Answer 65

doubles organelles and prepares for replication

Question 66

G2 phase

Answer 66

cell synthesizes proteins

Question 67

The nuclear envelope dismantles and the mitotic spindle begins to form during

Answer 67

prophase

Question 68

nuclear envelope begins to reappear and the mitotic spindle is disassembled as chromosomes decondense

Answer 68

telophase

Question 69

Growth factor receptors are typically found where in the cell?

Answer 69

cell membrane

Question 70

meiosis II in humans

Answer 70

1n --> 1n

Question 71

1 = Separation of homologous chromosomes 2 = Crossing-over 3 = Independent assortment

Answer 71

2, 3, 1

Question 72

Random orientation of homologous chromosomes occurs in ________ of meiosis

Answer 72

metaphase I

Question 73

side-by-side alignment of homologous chromosomes

Answer 73

synapsis

Question 74

The spindle apparatus is fully formed by the end of

Answer 74

prometaphase II

Question 75

correct structure of DNA components

Answer 75

phosphate-sugar-base

Question 76

enzyme that accomplishes transcription

Answer 76

RNA polymerase

Question 77

translation is the synthesis of

Answer 77

proteins from mRNA

Question 78

DNA is only synthesized in the ____ direction

Answer 78

5' to 3'

Question 79

During the process of translation, mRNA is carried to the ribosome, where it is translated into polypeptides by _____ molecules

Answer 79

tRNA