exam IIII

Question 1

blending hypothesis

Answer 1

inherited factors that control traits are irreversibly combined (blended) during reproduction

Question 2

gregor mendel

Answer 2

pea plants, “particulate theory of inheritance”

Question 3

character

Answer 3

heritable features [flower color]

Question 4

trait

Answer 4

a variant of a character [purple flower]

Question 5

mendel hypothesis 1

Answer 5

for each color, variation is produced by alternative versions called alleles

Question 6

mendel hypothesis 2

Answer 6

each individual has 2 “slots” (homologous pairs) in which to hold alleles [diploidy]

Question 7

mendel hypothesis 3

Answer 7

in a heterozygote, the allele that determines the phenotype is called dominant; the allele not seen is recessive

Question 8

mendel hypothesis 4 (law of segregation)

Answer 8

during meiosis, the 2 alleles possessed by the parent are separated so that each gamete has only 1 allele of each character [haploidy]

Question 9

test cross

Answer 9

cross an individual of an unknown genotype against homozygous recessive (a known genotype)

Question 10

monohybrid cross

Answer 10

follows inheritance of one gene

Question 11

dihybrid cross

Answer 11

follows inheritance of two genes

Question 12

morgan determined…

Answer 12

genes carried on chromosomes + linkage mapping

Question 13

linkage mapping

Answer 13

measures physical distance between two genes on a chromosome, genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together

Question 14

virulent

Answer 14

able to cause disease

Question 15

avery et. al. (40s)

Answer 15

killed S cells, fractionated them

Question 16

transcription

Answer 16

DNA -> RNA | converting from one form of same language to another form of same language

Question 17

translation

Answer 17

RNA -> protein | “converting languages”

Question 18

transcription enzyme

Answer 18

RNA polymerase

Question 19

translation enzyme

Answer 19

ribosome

Question 20

DNA replication enzyme

Answer 20

DNA polymerase

Question 21

purines

Answer 21

A, G – 2 rings

Question 22

pyrimidines

Answer 22

C, T, U

Question 23

ribozyme

Answer 23

enzyme made of RNA

Question 24

helicase

Answer 24

double strand DNA -> single strand DNA | unwinds DNA and separates parental strands

Question 25

DNA is written...

Answer 25

5' -> 3'

Question 26

polymerase reads...

Answer 26

3' -> 5'

Question 27

lagging

Answer 27

strand made in the direction opposite to fork motion, discontinuous

Question 28

3' end of DNA

Answer 28

hydroxl group

Question 29

transcription factors

Answer 29

proteins that activate promoter

Question 30

promoter + terminator

Answer 30

start+end site for transcription

Question 31

initiation

Answer 31

RNAP binds promoter, opens bubble

Question 32

elongation

Answer 32

RNAP makes RNA longer

Question 33

termination

Answer 33

RNA stops transcribing at terminator

Question 34

intron

Answer 34

interrupting sequences

Question 35

splicing

Answer 35

removes introns (from RNA)

Question 36

cap

Answer 36

ticket out, translation start protects 5’ end

Question 37

tail

Answer 37

help translation protect 3’ end

Question 38

translation steps

Answer 38

splicing, cap, tail

Question 39

transcription steps

Answer 39

initiation, elongation, termination

Question 40

protein

Answer 40

string of amino acids (20)

Question 41

codon

Answer 41

3-letter word in mRNA, pairs w anticodon

Question 42

translation initiation

Answer 42

ribosome binds mRNA + first tRNA

Question 43

translation elongation

Answer 43

make polypeptide longer

Question 44

translation elongation pieces

Answer 44

1) tRNA loading 2) connect amino acids 3) translocate

Question 45

transformation of bacteria was shown to occur when

Answer 45

live R strand and dead S were injected and the mice died

Question 46

single-stranded binding proteins

Answer 46

attach to newly separated DNA and prevent it from re-forming the helix so replication can occur

Question 47

DNA primase

Answer 47

places short pieces of RNA on the DNA strands to be replicated

Question 48

DNA polymerase

Answer 48

synthesizes and proofreads DNA strand

Question 49

DNA ligase

Answer 49

binds Okazaki fragments together

Question 50

transcription begins when

Answer 50

RNA polymerase binds to promoter region

Question 51

section of the pre-mRNA containing protein-coding regions

Answer 51

exons