exam III Flashcards by Kensie J

glycolysis

“sugar splitting”, 6 ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

glycolysis location

cytosol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

preparatory reaction

converts glycolysis products into C2 acetyl group and CO2 given off, occurs twice per glucose molecule, 6 ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

preparatory reaction location

entering mitochrondrion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

citric acid cycle

substrate-level ATP synthesis, produces both NADH and FADH2, 4 ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

citric acid cycle location

inside mitochondrion (matrix)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oxidative phosphorylation

exchanges high energy electrons carried by NADH+FADH2 for ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 chunks of oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport chain + chemiosmosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oxidative phosphorylation location

inside mitochondrion (inner membrane)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ATPs per NADH and FADH2

3 per NADH, 2 per FADH2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cellular respiration makes ___ ATP

~38

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 cellular respiration steps

glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

aerobic respiration step

oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

two steps of cellular respiration that make CO2

citric acid cycle + oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

not enough oxygen? need…

fermentation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if O2 is in plenty, 1 glucose =

38 ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where is energy in glucose?

in electrons of its hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

fermentation allows

to keep creating NAD+ and continue glycolysis in absence of oxygen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

types of fermentation

lactic acid fermentation + ethanol fermentation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cell cycle

repeating of cell division

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cell theory

all cells from cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

apoptosis

“programmed cell death”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prophase

centrosomes separate, chromatin condenses, spindles elongate inside nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prometaphase

nuclear envelope mostly gone, centrosomes at poles pushed by fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

metaphase

chromosomes at center, pulled by kinetochores, attached to spindle

anaphase

sister chromatids separate, the centromere splits

telophase

chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reappears

interphase phases

G0, S, G2

centrosome

brain of cytoskeleton

histones

made of protein, help organize DNA

nucleosome made up of

DNA + 8 histones

states of DNA packing

euchromatin (loose, uncondensed, unorganized, active) + heterochromatin (condensed + inactive)

fibroplast

skin stem cell

cancer critical genes

encode proteins that help to control the rate of cell division (ex: ras)

proto-oncogenes (normal genes)

normally speed up cell cycle, encode “gas pedal” machinery, if mutated, could become an oncogene [causes cancer]

tumor suppressor genes

“brakes” of cell cycle ~ normally, If mutated, fail to stop/slow cell cycle when it needs to

ras

protein, proto-oncogene : if mutated, “stuck gas pedal”

p53

tumor suppressor gene : if low O2, force cell into apoptosis

angiogenesis

growth of new blood vessels (key step in growth of tumor) – triggered by VEGF

binary fission

“ prokaryotic cell cycle “

meiosis purpose

make eggs and sperm (gametes), reduces ploidy, daughter cells not identical

meiosis ploidy reduction

diploid --> haploid

fertilizatoin __ ploidy

doubles

meiosis ___ ploidy

halves

ploidy

number of potential versions

diploid

two versions of each chromosome (“tell the same story”)

homologous pair

two chromosomes containing different versions of the same genes (alleles)

independent assortment

random orientation of each tetrad (meiosis I)

2^? = x possible outcomes

2^number of chromosomes

crossing over can only happen with...

members of homologous pair

G1 / G2

cell is growing

DNA + centrosomes duplicated

synthesis of DNA , copying its DNA

dehydrogenase enzyme

pulls H out of glucose

NAD+

coenzyme partner of dehydrogenase, accepts electrons of 2 Hs

NADH

acts as "truck" carrying 2 electrons to energy-harvesting destinations

electron transport chain

spends NADH + FADH2 "fuel" to create a proton gradient, reduces molecular oxygen to water

chemiosmosis

active transport of proteins against gradient, shot back into matrix by ATP synthase

fermentation yields __ ATP per glucose

fermenation is _ + _

glycolysis + a NADH recycling

M checkpoint

chromosomes on spindle?

G1 checkpoint

DNA ok?

G2 checkpoint

DNA replicated?

the eukaryotic chromosome

location of cell's genetic information

chromatin

DNA + scaffolding proteins

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm into two, copies of chromosomes as far apart as possible

crossing over occurs in...

prophase I of meiosis I

chiasma

structure that holds together homologues during crossing-over

exam III Flashcards

(68 cards)