Exam I Arthrology

Question 1

what term is used to identify the study of ligaments

Answer 1

syndesmology

Question 2

what are the three histological classifications of joints

Answer 2

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid

Question 3

what are the three classifications of joints based on movement potential

Answer 3

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

Question 4

which classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition

Answer 4

syndesmosis

Question 5

what is the classification of a joint help together with cartilage

Answer 5

synchondrosis

Question 6

what is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition

Answer 6

symphysis

Question 7

what is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone

Answer 7

synostosis

Question 8

what is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth

Answer 8

malocclusion

Question 9

what fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of syndesmosis

Answer 9

interosseous ligament

Question 10

what are the classic examples of the less moveable or fixed syndesmosis

Answer 10

tibia-fibula shaft articulation, radio-ulnar shaft articulation, coraco-clavicular joint or tympano-stapedial joint

Question 11

what are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column

Answer 11

most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacro-iliac joints

Question 12

what are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

Answer 12

they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template

Question 13

what are examples of temporary cartilage joints

Answer 13

metaphysis, neuro-central joint, neural arch joint, chondrocranium

Question 14

what are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

Answer 14

costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint

Question 15

which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary

Answer 15

(amphiarthrosis) symphysis

Question 16

what type of cartilage is charactaristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

Answer 16

fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage

Question 17

what are the charactaristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

Answer 17

limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification

Question 18

what are classic examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

Answer 18

intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphysis and symphysis menti

Question 19

which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary

Answer 19

symphysis menti

Question 20

what are the four constituent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints

Answer 20

articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid

Question 21

thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the

Answer 21

capsular ligament

Question 22

what generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament

Answer 22

intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments

Question 23

what are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors

Answer 23

located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”

Question 24

what term is used to identify the study of joints

Answer 24

arthrology

Question 25

what are the characteristics of type II articular receptors

Answer 25

located in the deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion

Question 26

what are the characteristics of type III articular receptors

Answer 26

present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble golgi tendon organs, not initially observed in the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion

Question 27

what is the function of type IV articular fibers

Answer 27

nociceptive, they monitor pain

Question 28

type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations

Answer 28

fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels

Question 29

type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations

Answer 29

accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

Question 30

type IV receptors would be absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint

Answer 30

synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

Question 31

what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane

Answer 31

synovial villi, articular fat pads or haversian glands, synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

Question 32

what is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane

Answer 32

aid in spreading synovial fluid

Question 33

what is the apparent function of synovial villi

Answer 33

increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion- absorption phenomena

Question 34

where are the articular fat pads located

Answer 34

in the fibrous layer of synovial membrane; they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intra-articular disc

Question 35

articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column

Answer 35

lumbar zygapophyses

Question 36

intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples

Answer 36

temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints

Question 37

synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples

Answer 37

femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses

Question 38

what are the layers of the synovial membrane

Answer 38

outer fibrous layer and an inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial laminia intima

Question 39

what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells

Answer 39

are phagocytic

Question 40

waht is the specific function of type B synovial cells

Answer 40

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

Question 41

what are the primary constituents of articular cartilage

Answer 41

water, cells, collagen type II fibers and proteoglycan gel

Question 42

what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage

Answer 42

form a network for water retention

Question 43

what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties

Answer 43

cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

Question 44

what is implied when cartilage is said to have a viscoelastic property

Answer 44

cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

Question 45

which joint theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid

Answer 45

weeping theory

Question 46

which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of remaining synovial fluid

Answer 46

boosted theory

Question 47

which theory of joint lubrication implies an ABSORPTION of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement

Answer 47

boundary theory

Question 48

what are the properties of synovial fluid

Answer 48

it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty

Question 49

which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior

Answer 49

hyaluronate

Question 50

what substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior

Answer 50

lubricin

Question 51

what is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)

Answer 51

only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed

Question 52

what is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)

Answer 52

more than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint

Question 53

what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)

Answer 53

within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus

Question 54

what are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthroses) based on type of movement

Answer 54

nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial synovial joints

Question 55

what are the accommodated by nonaxial synovial joints

Answer 55

translational movement, a plane or gliding movement

Question 56

what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as non-axial

Answer 56

plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

Question 57

what movements are accommodated by uniaxial synovial joints

Answer 57

a single combination of movements relative to a single axis; flexion-extension or medial rotation-lateral rotation

Question 58

what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial

Answer 58

hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)

Question 59

what movements are accommodated by biaxial synovial joints

Answer 59

movement in two independent planes at right angles to each other: flexion-extension combined with adduction-abduction

Question 60

what morphologic classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial

Answer 60

bicondylar, condylar, ellipsoidal and saddle

Question 61

what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial

Answer 61

ball and socket, (dairthrosis enarthrosis),(diarthrosis spheroidal),(diarthrosis cotyloid)

Question 62

what are examples of synovial plane joints

Answer 62

most zygapophyses of the vertebarl column intercarpal, carpometacarpal and inermetacarpal joints of the hand intercumeiform, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints of the foot

Question 63

what are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints

Answer 63

humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes

Question 64

what are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints

Answer 64

median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint

Question 65

what is the shared morphological characteristics of diarthrosis trochoid joints

Answer 65

an osseous pivot joint and an osteo-ligamentous ring

Question 66

what are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints

Answer 66

temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee

Question 67

what are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints

Answer 67

radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column

Question 68

which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks

Answer 68

ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints

Question 69

what are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints

Answer 69

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot

Question 70

what are examples of diarthosis cotyloid joints

Answer 70

femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus-glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder